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Depression Brings a Collapse of Diplomacy Caused by the weakened state of nations like Germany and Britain. Caused by the weakened state of nations like Germany and Britain. War debts, deficits, and turmoil played a role as well. War debts, deficits, and turmoil played a role as well. Nations were no longer willing to easily co-operate with other nations. Nations were no longer willing to easily co-operate with other nations.

Manchuria Japan became largest industrial power in Asia Japan became largest industrial power in Asia Economy based on exports to foreign countries Economy based on exports to foreign countries The collapse of world markets/higher tariffs caused a huge economic disaster in Japan The collapse of world markets/higher tariffs caused a huge economic disaster in Japan Led to demands that the government protect Japan from the failures of liberal capitalism. Led to demands that the government protect Japan from the failures of liberal capitalism.

Manchuria Japan's alternative was to take over the Chinese province of Manchuria Japan's alternative was to take over the Chinese province of Manchuria –held a vast wealth of natural resources Easy because Japan already had economic investments in the region Easy because Japan already had economic investments in the region Civil War in China resulted in a warlord in Manchuria. Civil War in China resulted in a warlord in Manchuria.

Manchuria There were no Western bases in the Pacific (Washington Conference of 1922) There were no Western bases in the Pacific (Washington Conference of 1922) Japan invaded Manchuria on the pretext that China had attacked. Japan invaded Manchuria on the pretext that China had attacked. In 1932 the puppet state of Manchukuo had been established. In 1932 the puppet state of Manchukuo had been established. The LoN directly challenged. The LoN directly challenged. China, appealed for support but nothing was done China, appealed for support but nothing was done

The League’s Legacy United States and UK were not able to cooperate on a policy with respect to Manchuria. United States and UK were not able to cooperate on a policy with respect to Manchuria. Neither wanted to be responsible for taking the lead. Neither wanted to be responsible for taking the lead. Japan and Manchuria = not central concerns to European powers Japan and Manchuria = not central concerns to European powers Collective security in the Far East = dead. Collective security in the Far East = dead.

The League’s Legacy USA and UK entered into policy of appeasement. USA and UK entered into policy of appeasement. Idea that reasonable revisions and negotiations would be the best way to avoid war Idea that reasonable revisions and negotiations would be the best way to avoid war

This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'. What is the message of this cartoon?

To do this question, you need first to borrow two concepts from English: Denotation (what you see) Connotation (how it affects its audience) This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

A Japanese soldiers tramples over a beautiful woman and the document beside her. The beautiful woman represents the League, and the document is the Covenant. Denotation Connotation Meaning Japan – by its actions in Manchuria – is trampling over the League and the Covenant. This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

The figure in the doorway bows down to the Japanese soldier and presents him with flowers. Bowing represents servility, surrender. Flowers welcome a conqueror. Denotation Connotation Meaning The League is not standing up to Japan – rather the League has allowed Japan to win. This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

Another figure is powdering the League’s face with a ‘face-saving kit’. The figure represents the British Foreign Secretary John Simon. ‘Saving face’ = making excuses. Denotation Connotation Meaning The British are not interested in doing the right thing – they are just trying to ‘save face’ (not look as spineless as they are). This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

Finally, always remember to look at: Origin (who drew it) Date (when it was published) This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

The British cartoonist David Low. Low was a great supporter of the League. Origin Details Significance Low (as many British people) was outraged saw by the Manchuria failure, which he saw as a great humiliation for the League.

This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat' When it was clear that the League was not going to do anything about Japan. Date Details Significance It is a criticism, not of the League, but of its leaders, who have allowed Japan to win.

What is the message of this cartoon?

OPVL I know this sounds all wrong, perhaps immoral, when Japan is flouting the League of Nations, but: (1) she was greatly provoked, (2) she must ere long expand somewhere - for goodness sake let (or rather encourage) her to do so there instead of Australia and (3) her control of Manchuria means a real block against Communist aggression. A letter from the Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge University, to his friend John Simon, the British Foreign Secretary (1933)