actual victimizations known to police arrests convictions

 Murder – between 8,500 to 9,000  Rape – 30,000 to 35,000  Robbery – 40,000 to 45,000  Aggravated Assault – 100,000 to 105,000  Burglary – 95,000 to 100,000  Larceny – 125,000 to 130,000  Drugs – 370,000 to 380,000  Total – roughly 1.1 million

actual victimizations known to police arrests 1.1 M convictions

 Prison – 40%  Jail – 30%  Probation – 30%  Mean Prison Sentence – approx. 60 months  Mean Jail Sentence – approx. 6 months  Mean Probation Sentence – approx. 40 months

 Murder – between 10,000 and 11,000  Rape – 16,000 to 17,000  Robbery – 90,000 to 100,000  Aggravated Assault – 350,000 to 370,000  Burglary – 250,000 to 260,000  Larceny – 1.2 to 1.3 million  Auto Theft – 60,000 to 65,000  Drugs – 1.5 to 1.6 million  Total Index Arrests – roughly 2.2 million

actual victimizations known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

 Violent crimes – roughly 500,000  Property crimes – 1.6 million  Total index crimes – 2.0 to 2.1 million

YearTotalRateMurderRapeRobbery M5,95023,04082,990565, M5,82023,440102,560639, M4,12415,58690,186407, M3,34614,74884,767367, M3,09914,19679,770345,031

actual victimizations 9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

 1960 – 4.7  1970 – 8.3  1980 – 10.2  1990 – 9.4  2000 – 5.5  2005 – 5.6  2010 – 4.8  2013 – 4.5

Reported crime rates are a function of a variety of factors: l. Department size 2. Citizen trust in the police 3. Education level of the officers 4. Confidence of the victim in the justice system 5. Education level of the victim 6. Social class of the victim 7. Race of the victim 8. If the victim had insurance 9. Overall fiscal resources of the victim 10. Relationship of the victim to the offender 11. Victim’s concern over unwanted publicity/embarrassment 12. Fear of reprisal from the offender if report

13. Unwilling to deal with the trauma of reporting 14. Aware you have been victimized 15. Victims sometimes don’t know where or how to report 16. Ethnic and social mores 17. Social class and status of the offender 18. Cumulative factor 19. Social significance, context, and relevance of the crime 21. Department communication equipment 22. Fiscal resources of the police department 23. Mobility of the police officers 24. Visibility of the crime 25. Department policies

YearTotalPropertyViolence M19.3 M6.6 M M18.0 M5.2 M M15.4 M4.9 M M16.8 M6.1 M

actual 23.2 M victimizations 9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

 Overall – 6.1 M  Rape – 300,170  Robbery – 645,000  Agg. Assault – 1 M  Simple Assault – 4.2 M

 Overall – 16.8 M  Household Burglary – 3.3 M  Auto Theft – 660,000  Larceny/Theft – 12.8 M

 Assault (aggravated) – 64%  Assault (simple) – 39%  Auto Theft – 75%  Household Burglary – 57%  Larceny/Theft – 26%  Rape – 35%  Robbery – 68% *****************************************  Overall Violent Crime – 46%  Overall Property Crime – 36%

Honduras – 58 Korea – 2.2 Venezuela – 48 Canada Brazil – 26 France Russia – 16.5 England Mongolia – 12.8 Australia Mexico – 10 New Zealand – 1.2 Thailand Japan – 1.1 U.S Germany.98 Philippines Austria.81 Turkey – 3.8 Norway.78 Finland – 2.8 Hong Kong -.63 Sweden 2.4 Singapore -.49 Malaysia Morocco -.47 International average is 7.6/100,000. Western world tends to run below 2.0. Not counting nations involved in armed conflicts, there are roughly 500,000 homicides a year in the world at present.

 Gun accessibility  Alcohol accessibility  Externally based bio-chemical imbalances  Internally based bio-chemical imbalances  Psychological abnormalities  Overexposure to violence  Endless poverty  Lack legitimate means of responding to conflict  Gang wars  Social disorganization  Co-habitation  Instinctual violence  Turning points/tipping points

actual ?? 23.2 M victimizations 9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

1. Men fear being the victims of different types of crime than do women. 2. Men and women engage in different types of risk avoidance in response to their fears. 3. Men are less fearful of becoming a victim, and consequently make fewer adjustments.

Though the elderly have the lowest victimization rate, they have the highest fear of crime. This is due largely to their low rebound factor. In the end, it is not the extent of crime, but the fear of crime that drives the field of pragmatic criminology.