Tranlators

Machine Language The lowest-level programming languageprogramming language Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.languagescomputers While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.

Machine Language Programs written in high-level languages are translated into machine language by a compiler. Programshigh-level languagescompiler Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding.binary

Machine Language

Programmers commonly use more English-like languages (called high level languages) such as Basic, C, Java, etc., to write programs which are then translated into machine language (called a low level language) by an assembler, compiler, or interpreter. Programmershigh level languagesJavawriteprogramslowlevelassembler compilerinterpreter

Assembly Language A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when translated by an assembler, that can be loaded into memory and executed.

An assembly language is a low-level programming language for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other programmable devices.low-level programming languagecomputers microprocessorsmicrocontrollers

It implements a symbolic representation of the machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture.machine codesCPU This representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on mnemonics mnemonics

Assembly Language Program MOV AX, MOV DS, AX MOV [3998], 36 INT 32

Assembly Language Transforming assembly into machine language is accomplished by an assembler

High Level Language A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.programming languageCFORTRANPascalprogrammer programscomputer Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages.languagesmachine languages

High Level Language In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.assembly languages A computer language whose instructions or statements each – correspond to several machine language instructions, designed to make coding easier. Also known as higher-level language; higher- order language.

High Level Language The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they arelow-level languages – easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.compilerinterpreter

High Level Language The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. Now there are dozens of different languages, including Ada, Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog.AdaBASICCOBOLC++LISPProlog

Assembler An assembler converts basic computer instructions (Assembly Language) into a pattern of bits which can be easily understood by the computer and the processor can use it to perform its basic operations.

Assembler Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

Compiler A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code).computer programsource codeprogramming language object code The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.executable

Compiler Compiler converts the entire source code into object code at once which can be then executed by the user This object code can then be executed multiple times by the user During execution the compiler is not required

Interpreter Converts High Level language into Machine Code Line by line execution of the source code Reads source code line by line->Converts into machine readable form->executes the line- >proceeds to next line

System Software Provides basic functionality to a computer System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.computer softwarecomputer hardwareapplication software

System Software Acts as an interface between user, application software and computer hardware

Application Software Software used for accomplishing a specific task is the Application software Maybe a single program or set of programs Set of programs that are written for a specific purpose and provide the required functionality is called software package

Application Software Different kinds of applications: Graphics Word processors Media Players Database Applications Accounting Purpose