Group members: Katie Chan (3) Odilia Chan (4) Hilary Chang (5) Rachel Chen (6) Charlotte Lee (18)

condensation polyamide Two type of nylon – Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 Formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid Peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer Polymer chain of Nylon:

Polar functional group

dicarboxylic acid diamine (Hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid) (1,6-diaminohexane)

 The first approach: combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine (NH2) groups on each end.  Nylon 6,6, is made of hexamethylene diamine with six carbon atoms and adipic acid.

 The second approach: a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units of (-NH-[CH2]n-CO-)x.  In this equation, if n=5, then nylon 6 is the assigned name.

 Tires  Tents  Ropes  used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. currency  Musical strings  Fabrics Collar part of the watch

 Elasticity and rigidity  Thermoplastic  High Density and Bulk properties  High crystallinity

∵ amorphous regions contribute elasticity below melting temperatures amorphous regions alternate with regions which are lamellar crystals crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity

a thermoplastic (softens and flows on repeated heating and hardens when cooled) melting point of 536K extruded into fibers above this temperature ∵ held together by hydrogen bonds chains slide over each other

1.15g/cm3 are light-weighted and are very fine ∵ shorter distances between the amide groups above their melting temperatures amorphous solids or viscous fluids chains approximate random coils cause the bulky property.

∵ Planar amide (-CO-NH-) groups are very polar forms multiple hydrogen bonds among adjacent strands  Nylon backbone is so regular and symmetrical Hydrogen bonds exist between amide groups of nylon polymer chains

However…orientation of the –C=O and the –N-H groups : 1. on opposite sides (Fig. a) Fig. a) the –C=O and the –N-H groups on opposite sides(trans-), making the chain straight 2. on the same side (Fig. b) polymer chain would be bent number of H-bonds formed between adjacent chains would be less Fig. b) the –C=O and the –N-H groups on same sides(cis-), making the chain bent

Dacron, also known as polyethylene terphthalate, or PET condensation polyester Monomer: bis-ß-hydroxyterephthalate Synthesized by the esterification of terphthalic acid and ethylene glycol

Synthesized from carboxylic acids & alcohol

The functional groups include ether & ketone ether Ketone

Garment industry Medical industry Stationeries Electronic industry Others

Flat cloth Socks Silk thread

Gloves Dacron polyester capacitors

Pressure sensitive adhesive tapes

Magnetic tapes…

plastic bottles made from PET widely used for soft drinks flexible food packaging Plastic food tray Space blanket Carrier for magnetic tape

Negative impacts: Plastics in general: Durable& degrade very slowly: Molecular bonds Make plastic so durable Equally resistance to natural processes of degradation Burning plastic -- release toxic fumes: Manufacturing Creates large quantities of chemical pollutants But Thermoplastics can be remelted and reused Thermoset plastics can be grounded up and make as filler

Nylon: * Nylon oligomers– by product from nylon-6 factory that increases industrial waste AND 1)Degradable Various synthetic polyamides degraded by microorganisms 2) Toxic substances are produced Break down in fire Hazardous smoke, and toxic fumes or ash containing Hydrogen Cyanide

3)High cost of disposal Incinerating nylons Recover the high energy used to create them Most reach the garbage dumps, decaying very slowly 4) Cost of plastics rises Rising dramatically Major cause Sharply rising cost of petroleum → cost of raw material Future oil reserves are uncertain

Positive impacts: Plastics in general: 1)Widely used in different aspects ∵ special properties e.g. plastic containers, insulators, advertising sign box. 2)Replacing natural materials e.g. cotton Nylon: 1) Insulators of electricity 2) High tensile strength ∵ presence of hydrogen bond 3) High melting and Boiling point ∵ intermolecular hydrogen bonds are hold between different chains

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