What caused the Great Depression? Unbalanced foreign trade overextended personal debt-easy credit uneven distribution of income Who was affected? Nearly Everyone

Hoover’s Plan For The Great Depression Or “How to alienate almost everyone, while accomplishing nothing and watching the country crumble.” Focus on the fact that Hoover was a good guy and quite the Humanitarian. It is his devotion to individuality and an emphasis on freedom that get him in to trouble.

The Great Depression

Causes of the Great Depression WHY, Why, Why? Causes of the Great Depression 3. Overuse of Credit- people were in debt. They buy less goods 4. Unequal Distribution of Wealth. 70% of the nation made less than $2500 a year. ½ of homes had electricity. Couldn’t afford consumer goods. While the income of wealthiest 1% increased by 25%. 1. American policies and tariffs cut down the foreign market for U.S. goods. 2. Overproduction by farms. Annual Farm Income 1919= $10 Billion 1921= $4 Billion

What was Black Tuesday? On October 29th 1929, the stock market crashed. Investors hurried to sell stocks before they were worthless. $30 billion dollars in stock became worthless overnight. 16.4 million shares of stocks were sold that day. Others could not be sold and became worthless.

The Effects of the Stock Market Crash Americans panicked took money out of banks. Banks lost money and couldn’t pay customers By 1933 11,000 of 25,000 banks n the U.S. had failed. 9 million savings accounts disappeared. 90,000 businesses closed. 25% of workers were out of work by 1933. Those with jobs had pay cuts.

Discuss what things would cause the murder rate to increase during this time period. What other crim es might increase?

What Hoover Did: Reassured people that the American economy was o.k. Called people who doubted him foolish and told them to be “optimistic”. Believed he needed to limit the government from taking too much power. Thought people needed to succeed through their own efforts Focus on the fact that Hoover was a good guy and quite the Humanitarian. It is his devotion to individuality and an emphasis on freedom that get him in to trouble. 3/27/2017

What Hoover Did: Opposed any direct aid or welfare because it would “weaken people’s self respect and undermine the nation’s moral fiber.” People should take care of themselves. Urged businesses not to cut wages or lay off workers. Asked workers not to ask for higher wages or go on strike. Asked private charities to raise money for the poor. 3/27/2017

More Results Shanty towns Soup kitchens/Breadlines Increase in Racism Run by ? Increase in Racism 400,000 farms lost to foreclosure

The People Get MAD! Farmers burned their crops and dumped milk (while others were starving). Why? Other farmers refused to work in the fields. Why? Raised prices (but not enough to help) 3/27/2017

And.. madder! Shantytowns = Hoovervilles Empty pockets = Hoover Flags Newspapers = Hoover Blankets People see Hoover as cold and heartless. 3/27/2017

The Final Straw The Bonus Army The whole story, make sure you read this in the book. All but 2,000 left when asked. 1000 soldiers led by MacArthur and Dwight Eisenhower were sent to remove them by Hoover. 1000 were gassed. An 11 month old baby died, an 8 year old boy was blinded, two were shot dead. This sealed Hoovers fate. 3/27/2017

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What is happening here? What do you see? How would you title this photo?

What is happening here? What do you see? How would you title this photo?

What is happening here? What do you see? How would you title this photo?

What is happening here? What do you see? How would you title this photo?

Arkansas Squatter's Shack in California during the Great Depression

Fear, Anxiety, unknowing…what is he thinking? How does he feel?

And him?

What is happening here? What do you see? How would you title this photo?

Dorothea Lange (American) 1895- 1965) Migrant Mother, 1936, Photograph In 1960, Lange gave this account of the experience: I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean- to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it. (From: Popular Photography, Feb. 1960). Dorothea Lange (American) 1895- 1965) Migrant Mother, 1936, Photograph Dorothea Lange (American) 1895- 1965) Migrant Mother, 1936, Photograph

Hawley-Smoot Act (Smoot-Hawley) an act signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Many countries retaliated with their own increased tariffs on U.S. goods, and American exports and imports plunged by more than half

What caused the Great Depression? Unbalanced foreign trade overextended personal debt-easy credit uneven distribution of income Who was affected? Nearly Everyone

THE NEW DEAL

The New Deal The Election of 1932 People in the U.S. lacked work, food and Hope. They Elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In the 4 months between the election and his inauguration he and group of advisors (The BRAIN TRUST) created… The New Deal

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Relief Reform The First 100 Days Recovery In the first hundred days: Lasted from March 9th to June 16th 1933. 15 new bills to address the Depression were passed. The role of the government power and control of the economy was dramatically increased. More POWER!!! Relief Recovery Reform

Roosevelt’s First Hundred Days Pass legislation to get people back to work create jobs Calm the fears of his fellow Americans “So first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance” FDR’s 1933 Inaugural Speech

Creating Jobs & Helping People AAA- Raised crop prices by lowering production. CCC- Gave jobs to men 18-25. They built roads, canals, parks, and flood control. FERA- Gave $500 million in direct aid to the needy. WPA- Created jobs building schools and public buildings. CWA- created 4 million jobs. 40,000 schools, Rural teacher salaries. 500,000 miles of roads. TVA- Gave power to poor areas in the South. Created flood control and jobs. PWA- Gave money to states to construct schools and community buildings HOLC- Provided loans to people facing foreclosure FHA- Provided money for people to buy homes. NYA- to provide education and jobs to young people.

provided jobs for single men 18-25 housed in camps across the U.S.

Civilian Conservation Corps

The Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Passed by Congress in May, 1933, was the first step in the program of relief at the beginning of the New Deal. It created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) which was allocated an initial fund of $500,000,000 to help those in need. Harry Hopkins was appointed director of FERA. Over the next two years a total of $3,000,000,000 was distributed. Most of this money went to Home Relief Bureaus and Departments of Welfare for Poor Relief.

Work Progress – WPA – Posters - a massive public works program employing artists, teachers , writers, etc…

<PWA. Before it became WPA>

The Crisis in Farming AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act Raised prices by lowering production Paid farmers not to produce crops. This made some people REEAALLY mad. People were starving.

Grant Wood American Gothic Stone City

“The Dust Bowl” Hobos (1919-1929) Okies 2600 Schools shut down Drought in the Plain states Hobos (1919-1929) 24,647 killed for trespassing 27,171 injured on railroad property Okies 2600 Schools shut down 300,000 students Suicide rate up 30%

Franklin Roosevelt John Garner Democratic 27,752,648 60.80% 523 98.5% Alfred Landon Frank Knox Republican 16,681,862 36.54% 8 1.5% William Lemke Thomas O'Brian Union 892,378 1.95% 0.0% Norman Thomas George Nelson Socialist 187,910 0.41% Other (+) - 132,901 0.29% 0.

Rural Electrification

Norris Dam

“Modern Conveniences” the stove top/oven

Banking and Finance FDIC- Insured deposits in Banks. Created by the Glass-Steagall Act Federal Securities Act- SEC- regulated the stock market Prevented “rigging the market”

Banking and Finance Roosevelt declared a banking holiday closing all banks in the U.S. Those that were safe would reopen. Those that were unstable would close. Loans were available to help them. He said when the banks opened they would be safe. (Showed everyone a tangible effort.) Emergency Banking Relief Act allowed the government to inspect banks. These steps restored confidence in banks.

National Recovery Act

promoted cooperation among businesses

Labor woes – striking workers during the Great Depression Labor woes – striking workers during the Great Depression. Wagner Act – ensured workers’ right to form unions and bargain collectively

FDR signing the Social Security Admn FDR signing the Social Security Admn. Legislation into Law – a pension system for retired workers

Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, The ruling was the first of several which overturned key elements of the Administration's New Deal legislative program Ruled that the NIRA(NRA) was unconstitutional because it gave the President legislative powers.

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A unanimous Court found this to be an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority. Ruled the NIRA (NRA) Unconstitutional Ruled that the Commerce Clause did NOT give the federal government authority to regulate Intrastate Commerce Ruled that the NIRA(NRA) was unconstitutional because it gave the President legislative powers.

United States v. Butler The Court found the Act unconstitutional because it attempted to regulate and control agricultural production, an arena reserved to the states Ruled the AAA – Unconstitutional Agriculture is a Local or State issue Under the 10th amendment, Agriculture is NOT a federal domain

The Supreme Court NIRA- Gave too much power to the executive branch. The Supreme Court struck down many key New Deal Programs, saying that they were unconstitutional. AAA They said it should be regulated by the states. NIRA- Gave too much power to the executive branch.

''pack'' the court-that is, to add one new justice for each one over 70, on the flimsy excuse that the nine justices were overworked (a plan made possible by the fact that the Constitution does not specify how many justices the court should have). ''nine old men'' of the Supreme Court, and the famous ''switch in time that saved nine.''

He tried to pack the court So… Roosevelt tried to appoint 6 new Justices to the court. Very controversial, unpopular, he failed. Eventually, through resignations, he was able to replace seven new justices in the next four years.

Deficit Spending: Spending more than the government receives ONE little PROBLEM Deficit Spending: Spending more than the government receives in revenue

Opponents to the New Deal People who felt the government was getting too much power. People who felt the New Deal destroyed the free market. People who felt the government didn’t do enough. (Rare)

Coughlin & Long Very outspoken critics.

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The Lone Ranger – the Radio program not the t.v. program clip

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Shirley Temple Clip one Clip 2