A Longitudinal Look at the Post-High School Experiences of Youth With Disabilities Findings From the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) Renee.

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A Longitudinal Look at the Post-High School Experiences of Youth With Disabilities Findings From the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) Renee Cameto, Ph.D. SRI International Secondary Transition State Planning Institute: Building for the Future Charlotte, North Carolina May 20, 2010

2 Stratified random sample Nationally representative sample of 501 LEAs and 38 special schools, stratified by: Geographic region Enrollment size District wealth 11,275 students by disability category Focuses onYouth, ages 13 to 16 at start of study Study began2000–2001 school year Generalizes toEach disability category and age cohort Longitudinal 9 years 5 waves of data collection now completed NLTS2 has been funded with federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, under contract number ED-01-CO The content of this presentation does not necessarily reflect the view or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government. NLTS2 overview

3 Data sources Parent telephone interviews Youth telephone interviews/survey NLTS2 Waves 2 through 5 (2003, 2005, 2007, 2009) –Wave 5 responses for youth who have been out of high school up to 8 years –Ages 21 through 26

4 Today’s agenda Review trends in outcomes of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years regarding: –High school completion –Postsecondary education –Employment –Participation in postsecondary school, work, or preparation for work –Independent living and childbearing or fathering –Criminal justice system involvement Describe outcome differences related to: –Gender –Race/ethnicity –High school completion status Describe outcomes for youth in the high-incidence categories of learning disability, mental retardation, and emotional disturbance

5 High School Completion

6 High school completion by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

7 Participation in high school equivalency programs by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years who left high school without finishing, by year NOTE: Data on completion not available for SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

8 Postsecondary Education, Work, and Preparation for Work

9 Postsecondary education enrollment by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, Percent

10 Enrollment in postsecondary education by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year and type of school SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, Percentage ever enrolled since high school 18

11 Youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years who were postsecondary school leavers who earned a diploma, license, or certificate, by type of school SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Previous enrollees who earned a diploma/license/certificate : Any postsecondary school Vocational/technical/ business school 2-year college 4-year college/university Percent

12 Employment of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year NOTE: Percentage employed ever since high school not available for SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, Percent

13 Full-time work by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, Percent

14 Mean hourly wage of employed youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

15 Participation in postsecondary education, paid employment, or job training of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

16 Living Arrangements and Childbearing or Fathering

17 Living arrangements of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year NOTE: Living Independently is on one’s own or with a spouse; living semi-independently is in a dorm, military housing, or a job-related living facility; living not independently is with a family member other than a spouse, in foster care or a group home, or in a medical, mental health, criminal justice or other facility. Percentages of independent and semi-independent living not available for SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

18 Childbearing or fathering by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year NOTE: Question asked only of or about youth age 16 or older. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009.

19 Criminal Justice System Involvement

20 Criminal justice system involvement of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Waves 2 through 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2003, 2005, 2007, Percentage ever involved since high school

21 Gender Differences in Postschool Outcomes

22 High school completion and equivalency program participation by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

23 Postsecondary education enrollment by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Ever attended since high school:

24 Youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years who were postsecondary school leavers and earned a diploma, license, or certificate, by gender SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Previous enrollees earned degree/license/certificate from:

25 Employment by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender ** p <.01; * p <.05. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Percentage who:

26 Participation in postsecondary education, paid employment, or job training by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender *p <.05 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

27 Independent living and childbearing or fathering by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender ***p <.001. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

28 Criminal justice system involvement by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by gender ***p <.001, **p <.01. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Youth had ever been:

29 Racial/Ethnic Differences in Postschool Outcomes

30 High school completion and equivalency program participation by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

31 Postsecondary education enrollment by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Ever attended since high school:

32 Youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years who were postsecondary school leavers who earned a diploma, license, or certificate, by race/ethnicity * p <.05 comparing White and African American youth. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Previous enrollees earned diploma/ license/ certificate from: *

33 Employment of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity ** p <.01 comparing White and African American youth; * p <.05 comparing White and Hispanic youth. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Percentage who:

34 Participation in postsecondary education, paid employment, or job training by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

35 Independent living and childbearing or fathering by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity *p <.05 comparing White and African American youth. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

36 Criminal justice system involvement by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Youth had ever been:

37 Postschool Outcomes for Youth With Learning Disabilities, Mental Retardation, or Emotional Disturbances

38 High school completion and equivalency program participation by youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years Note: There were too few students who had enrolled in a high school equivalency program to report separately the subgroup who had completed in each disability category. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

39 Postsecondary education enrollment by youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years, by type of school Any postsecondary, *** p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities or emotional disturbances; business school and 2-year college, *** p <.001 and ** p <.01 compared with youth with mental retardation; 4-year college, **p <.01 and * p <.05 compared with youth with learning disabilities. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Ever attended since high school:

40 Youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years who were postsecondary school leavers who earned a diploma, license, or certificate NOTE: There are too few youth with mental retardation who had enrolled in a 4-year college/university to report completion rates for them. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Previous enrollees who earned diploma/license/certificate from:

41 Employment of youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years Ever worked, worked full time, wage, ***p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities and emotional disturbances; worked at time of interview, ***p <.001 and **p <.01 compared with youth with learning disabilities. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2),Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Percentage who:

42 Participation in postsecondary education, employment, or job training of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by race/ethnicity Ever engaged, *** p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities or emotional disturbances; engaged at time of interview, *** p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities, ** p <.01 compared with youth with emotional disturbance, * p <.05 compared with youth with mental retardation. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

43 Independent living and childbearing or fathering by youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years *** p <.001 comparing youth with learning disabilities and those with mental retardation. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

44 Criminal justice system involvement by youth with learning disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbances out of high school up to 8 years Stopped by police, *** p <.001 comparing youth with learning disabilities and mental retardation, also comparing youth with emotional disturbances with those with mental retardation and with learning disabilities; arrested, ** p <.01 compared with youth with mental retardation and *** p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities and those with mental retardation; incarcerated and probation/parole, *** p <.001 compared with youth with learning disabilities and those with mental retardation.. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Youth had ever been:

45 Postschool Outcomes by School Completion Status

46 Postsecondary education enrollment by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by school completion status *** p <.001; * p <.05. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Ever attended since high school:

47 Youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years who were postsecondary school leavers who earned a diploma, license, or certificate, by school-leaving status ***p <.01 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Previous enrollees earned degree/license/certificate from:

48 Employment of youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by high school completion status *** p <.001. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, Percent who:

49 Participation in postsecondary education, paid employment, or job training by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by high school completion status *** p <.001, * p <.05. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

50 Independent living and childbearing or fathering by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by high school completion status SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, 2009.

51 Criminal justice system involvement by youth with disabilities out of high school up to 8 years, by school completion status **p <.01, *p <.05. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research, National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2), Wave 5 parent interviews and youth interviews/surveys, ** * Youth had ever been:

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