Turn in the following items from your homework: Answers from video reading Keep your chapter 1 notes or reading guide. I will walk around and check them as you work Pick up the papers on the table Begin to work individually on the ½ sheet on the Jared Diamond reading

Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Sapiens= wise beings Characteristics of Homo Sapiens o Simple tool use o Use of fire o Development of culture- system of beliefs to explain environment and social behavior

Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region they live in Examples: water source dries up, natural disaster, war, no economic opportunity, political repression Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain place Examples: better farm land, better jobs, stable government

Major developments- development of Agriculture and cities Why did Agriculture develop? o Need- population increase from end of ice age meant people had to be more creative about finding food o Hunting yield declined with end of ice age

Nomadic Limited to what could be carried Yields less food, no surplus More variety in diet; healthier Children spaced four years apart Less disease from sparse populations and no domesticated animals No formal government or social structure Egalitarian- no social structure, gender inequality Less development of technology

Ability to settle in one place and focus on economic, political, and religious goals Population increase Domesticated animals could be used for food and clothing Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn inventions Note- hunting-and-gathering people couldn’t compete and often died off from diseases from agricultural societies

Began around 11,000 BCE Ability to farm and domesticate animals Had food surpluses which could be stored More dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less healthy Shorter birth interval Dense population More disease due to contact with domesticated animals Humans begin to claim territories and not share Eventually leads to cities

Need for authority; governments, armies, laws Need for priests Specialization in jobs Writing Social stratification and social status Inequality between men and women Fewer people live the good life More technology Produced “civilizations”

TimeWorld Population 10,000 BCE4 million 5,000 BCE5 million 3,000 BCE14 million 2,000 BCE27 million 1,000 BCE50 million 500 BCE100 million

Began in the Middle East about 4000 BCE Metal tools allowed farmers to work more efficiently Allowed for more specialization Better weapons Increased knowledge of metals and metalworking

"society with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social heirarchy" could have more complex political structure writing could have cities Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE Characteristics of early civilizations o writing o formal codes of law o city planning o institutions for trade (incl. money)

Catal Huyuk- Neolithic village in southern Turkey around 7000 BCE. o religious structures o stable economy and trade o some specialization in trade

Middle East developed from scratch - did not imitate Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing) made developments in math and science to better farm developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship called ziggurats politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed divine authority evolution of slavery region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to the Akkadians and then the Babylonians Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law, Hammurabi's code invasions of hunting and herding groups common

formed by 3000 BCE in northern Africa Egypt able to maintain unified state because of location Pharoah had immense power Government directed economy more architecture- pyramids While science and writing not as developed as in the Tigris- Euphrates civilization, math and art more advanced

2500 BCE along the Indus River- Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro developed distinctive writing and art some trading contacts with Mesopotamia architecture- houses had running water

BCE developed in considerable isolation carefully organized state regulated flooding of the yellow river advanced technology elaborate intellectual life, including writing and astronomy By 1500, Shang ruled the region

2500s BCE- 400s CE Not in a river valley Exceptional wealth, technical efficiency Artistic creativity (colossal heads, jade carvings) Little evidence of war/violence Laid foundations for calendars, writing, systems, math

900 BCE – 250 BCE Not in a river valley, but in a mountain and diffused over large area (pol. Organized) Had llama to help with food and transport Metallurgy, high quality textiles Religion spread to Mesoamerica (jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)

architecture art wheel basic mathematics concepts divisions of time alphabets and writing