Unit 1: Introduction and Science Skills OVERVIEW: Safety Scientific Method vs Engineering Design Measuring and Data Collection Graphing Metric Conversions

Safety Scenarios! What would you Do? For the lab situation you received, create a poster which includes the following. Use the safety rules to help you. Explain how situation could have been prevented. What should be done to fix the situation (problem).

Wed 8/19 Scientific method

What is the difference? Scientific Method Engineering Design Organized process of asking and answering scientific questions. Usually involves making observations and doing experiments. Engineering Design Organized process of solving a problem. Usually involves designing and testing a product which meets certain standards.

Scientific Method vs Engineering Design Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Collect/analyze data Conclusion Share results Problem Research/brainstorm Design Build Test devise Evaluate Share results What is the same?

Scientific Method FOLDABLE 1. Question 2. Research 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect/analyze data 6. Conclusion Front of Foldable

QUESTION Ask a question about something you OBSERVED. Why? OR How? Science requires being curious Question must be testable Can outcome be measured or observed? Not based on opinion Not just defining something

PRACTICE: Which question below can be answered SCIENTIFICALLY? Which flowers are prettier, daisies or roses? Can you get warts from handling toads? Do cats make better pets than dogs? How do plants grow? How does changing the type of soil effect the growth of tomatoes?

RESEARCH Use credible sources to learn more about the subject. Then use what you learn to write your hypothesis and plan the experiment.

HYPOTHESIS Educated and Testable prediction about what will happen. Use what you learned from your research to write a logic hypothesis. Make sure you have access to the supplies to test your hypothesis. Make sure you can measure or observe the outcome. Cause and effect relationship between two factors INDEPENDNT and DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) If __IV__ [I do this], then ___DV__ [this will happen]

HYPOTHESIS-VARIABLES Prior to writing your hypothesis, make sure you identify the variables first! Independent Variable (IV) is the factor tested – what you CHOOSE to change Dependent Variable (DV) is the factor that responds to change – what you MEASURE Constants (controlled variables) is keeping all other factors the same – DO NOT CHANGE They hypothesis clearly states what you are changing (IV) and the outcome you predict will result (DV).

PRACTICE: Hypothesis Which prediction below is written correctly and testable? If I give my plants fertilizer, then they will grow as big as my neighbor’s plants. If I get lucky, then my plants will grow bigger. My plants aren’t growing bigger because I don’t water them enough.

PRACTICE: Identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables Hypothesis: If green light is used, then plants will grow faster. -kind of plants -amount of water -amount of light -type of light -growth of plant -type of soil

Puzzle Example Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle

Electromagnetic Example An investigation was done with an electromagnetic system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used. The number of paper clips the electromagnet could pick up was measured.

Egg Example The higher the temperature of water, the faster an egg will boil.

Depth Example The temperature of water was measured at different depths of a pond.

CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENTAL GROUP This is the group that is being tested. Only 1 factor is tested at a time Independent variable is tested/changed CONTROL GROUP This is the group that is NOT tested. Independent variable is NOT changed This group is compared to experimental group

What is the effect of light on plant growth? EXPERIMENTAL GROUP Plants that receive light. CONTROL GROUP Plants that receive NO light. Compare groups to answer question

Data Analysis INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average 1. 2. 3. 4. Title: Describing the Data Conduct repeated trials increases the reliability of the data Organize data in a data table. Calculate the Average and Graph the averages to look for trends and relationships

CONCLUSION Summarize your experiment AND explain if the data supports the hypothesis or not.

graphing

Graphs Make Data Easier to Understand. Below is data without a graph. Animals on the farm Chickens rule! Cows 124 Chickens 450 Turkeys 388 Horses 56 Mules 110

Data WITH A Graph. Cows 124 Chickens 450 Turkeys 388 Horses 56 Mules 110

Y Axis = Dependent Variable X Axis = Independent Variable Graphing Data Must have a title Related to data Label the axis: X – independent Y – dependent Include units Create a scale Cannot change Spreads out data Title: ___________ Y Axis = Dependent Variable X Axis = Independent Variable

Graphs Examples: To show how many people like pepperoni pizza vs supreme pizza. To show how population grows over time. To compare how many people live in different cities. Bar graphs Good for comparing different sets of data. Help us see differences in data Line Graphs Good for showing change over time.

Bar Graph Comparing a student’s Grades Y axis X axis

Let’s Test Your Skills. Graph A Graph B 3rd grade 4th grade 5th grade At Elm Street School students have computer class once a week. The chart shows the number of minutes each class spends in the computer lab. Class 3rd grade 4th grade 5th grade 6th grade Number of minutes 25 30 35 45 Which is the most appropriate graph of the information shown in the chart? Graph A Graph B

Metric Measurements

International System of Units

Mass vs Weight Amount of matter in an object Does NOT change with location (moon – Earth) The SI unit for mas is Kg SI (International System of Units) Measure of the force of gravity acting on an object Changes with location (moon – Earth) If gravity is greater, weight increases!

Volume, Mass, & Density MASS is the amount of matter… VOLUME is how much space matter takes up. SI unit is L, mL, or cm3. Density can be describe as the amount of matter in a given space More dense = sink Less dense = float FORMULA FOR DENSITY: Density = Mass / Volume

Metric Prefixes

Metric Conversions

ANSWERS