CHAPTER 5

Next Exit Main Memory and Backing Storage Devices... Main Memory and Backing Storage Devices... Main memory temporarily stores programs and data that are being processed. Backing store, also called secondary storage, stores programs and data when they are not being used.

Next Exit Main Memory and Backing Storage Devices Main Memory and Backing Storage Devices 5.1 Main memory 5.1 Main memory 5.2 Backing storage devices 5.2 Backing storage devices Prev

Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory The main memory can be thought of as a series of storage locations. Each location has a unique address, counting from zero upwards. The address is called memory address. The main memory is connected to the CPU by buses. When the CPU wants to access a particular memory location, it sends the address to the memory on an address bus. The data held in that location are returned to the CPU on the data bus. Main memory...

How are data stored in the main memory? How are data stored in the main memory? Main memory Memory sizes Memory sizes Semiconductor chips Semiconductor chips Types of memory Types of memory Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory Buses Data representation Data representation

Data Representation Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory In computer, the number system has TWO unique digits, 0 and 1. Each on or off digit value is called a BIT (short for Binary Digit). Bits are the smallest unit of data the computer can handle. Eight Bits are grouped together as a unit, they are called a BYTE. A Byte can represent 2 8 (256) different individual characters including numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks, and other characters such as the letter of the Greek alphabet.

Programs and data are made up of characters. They are stored in the memory character by character. How are data stored in the main memory? Most computer use 8-bit codes to represent each character. Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory Each byte is placed in a unique location in memory, called an memory address. Memory address: holds a single byte; can be empty; has a unique identifying number.

The size of the main memory is measured by the number of bytes available for use. Memory sizes The memory size is restricted by the addressing capability of the computer. In general, n address lines are required to access 2 n memory locations. Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory A Kilobyte (KB) is equal to 2 10, 1024 bytes (~ 1000 bytes). A Megabyte (MB) is equal to 2 20, 1024 Kilobytes (~ bytes). A Gigabyte (GB) is equal to 2 30, 1024 Megabytes (~ 1 billion bytes). A Terabyte (TB) is equal to 2 40, (~ 1 trillion bytes).

A semiconductor memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains thousands of transistors. The transistor can represent a bit in the memory. Semiconductor chips Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

random access memory (RAM) -> Volatile Memory Types of memory read only memory (ROM) -> Non Volatile Memory Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

when the computer is powered on, certain operating system files are loaded from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM; the contents of RAM may change as the data is processed; multiple programs can be loaded into RAM simultaneously, provided there is enough RAM to accommodate all the programs. Random Access Memory(RAM) Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

a computer only can manipulate data that is in memory. the more RAM a computer has, the more programs and files it can work on at once, the overall performance can be enhanced. Random Access Memory(RAM) Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

data stored in ROM cannot be modified; non-volatile memory; contains the sequence of instructions the computer follows to load the operating system and other files when you first turn the computer on. Read only Memory(ROM) Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

the speed at which the processor can access data from memory directly affects how fast the computer processes data. the speed is defined as access time. memory access time is measured in terms of a nanosecond. Access Time Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

Access Time Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory DRAM50 to 70 ns SRAM7 to 20 ns ROM55 to 250 ns Hard disk8 to 15 ms

Bits are transferred internally within the circuitry of the computer along electrical analog (called a bus) Buses are used to transfer bits from input devices to memory; from memory to the CPU; from the CPU to memory; from memory to output or storage devices. Consists of two parts data bus (transfers actual data) address bus (transfers information about where the data should go into the memory) Buses Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

determines the number of bits that can be transmitted at one time The larger the number of bits handled by the bus, the faster the computer transfers data. Bus Width Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

the number of bits the CPU can process at a given time. computer with larger word size can process more data in the same amount of time than computers with a smaller word size. Word Size Next Exit Prev 5.1 Main memory

Why do we need backing storage devices? Backing/Secondary storage devices... Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices What is backing storage device? Some examples of backing storage device. Pros and Cons of different backing storage devices.

Data in the main memory(except in the ROM) are lost when the machine is switched off. Why do we need backing storage devices? Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices Main memory is very expensive. Data for an application program may be so large that it is physically impossible for the main memory to hold all the data.

Holds programs and data for future processing. Backing/Secondary storage devices... Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices Storage is nonvolatile Items in storage are retained even when power is removed from the computer.

A storage medium (media is the plural) is the physical material on which data/programs are kept. A storage device is the mechanism used to record and retrieve items to and from a storage medium. Backing storage devices Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

Storage devices can function as sources of input and output. READING Storage device transfers data/information from a storage medium into memory. Backing storage devices WRITING Storage device transfers data/information from memory to a storage medium. Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

The speed of a storage device is defined by its access time. ACCESS TIME Backing Storage Device The capacity of a storage device is measured by the number of bytes it can hold. Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices The minimum time it takes the device to locate a single item on a disk. CAPACITY

Backing storage devices Magnetic disk Magnetic disk Magnetic tape Magnetic tape Optical disk (CD-ROM) Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

Floppy disk Magnetic disk Hard disk Fixed head disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible disk with a plastic coating enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shell. Floppy disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

Formatting prepares a disk for reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors.trackssectors How is data stored on a Floppy disk? Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

Floppy disk drive (FDD) is a device that can read from and write on a floppy disk. How is data stored on a Floppy disk? Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices Shutter is a piece of metal covers an opening in the rigid plastic shell. Read/write head is the mechanism that actually reads items from or writes items on the floppy disk.

Do not expose the disk to excessive heat, sunlight, or cold. Care of Floppy disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices Do not place heavy objects on the disk. Do not place disks near magnetic fields such as speakers, telephone headsets, monitors, or calculators. Do not eat, smoke or drink near a disk. Do not open the disk’s shutter or touch recording surface on the disk.

A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk. Tracks & Sectors Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices The disk’s storage locations then are divided into pie-shaped sections, which break tracks into small arcs called sectors. A cluster consists of two or eight sectors. It is the smallest unit of space used to store data. A disk’s storage capacity is determined by the density of the disk density. Higher density implies larger storage capacity.

A hard disk usually consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called platters/plates, on which items are stored electronically. Hard disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices A platter allows items to be magnetically recorded on its surface. A read/write head uses to read/write data from/to the disk. All the read/write heads are attached to an access arm. The platters. Read/write heads, and the mechanism for moving the heads across the surface of the disk are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case that protects the platters from contamination.

A cylinder is the location of a single track through all platters. Hard disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices

Floppy disk Vs Hard disk Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices Floppy diskHard disk Capacity1.44MB4 to 50GB CostCheaperExpensive Access timeSlowerfaster hard disk spins much faster than a floppy disk hard disk spins constantly while a floppy disk starts spinning only when it receives a read or write command.

COMPACT DISC Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices It can contain text, graphics, video and sound. It can hold up to 700 MB of data, instructions and information.

COMPACT DISC DRIVE SPEED Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices CD-ROM drive’s speed is measured by data transfer rate which is the time it takes the drive to transmit data, instructions, and information from the CD-ROM to another device. A 40X CD-ROM drive has a data transfer rate of (40 x 150 = 6000) KB per second.

COMPACT DISC Next Exit Prev 5.2 Backing storage devices CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW

Reel-to-reel tape Magnetic tape Cartridge tape Prev Exit 5.2 Backing storage devices It can store a large amount of data and information at a low cost.