The Global Positioning System A Dual-Use Information Utility June 2001

Overview PolicyPolicy ApplicationsApplications ModernizationModernization Spectrum Issues Affecting Military, Civil and Commercial GPS UseSpectrum Issues Affecting Military, Civil and Commercial GPS Use General Dual Use IssuesGeneral Dual Use Issues Back Up Information on GPS ApplicationsBack Up Information on GPS Applications

PolicyPolicy

GPS is a Dual-Use System Cold War spinoffCold War spinoff –Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces –Prominent in Gulf War, Kosovo –After KAL-007, civilians gained free access to Standard Positioning Service Commercial use now dwarfs military useCommercial use now dwarfs military use GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

Agriculture Commerce State Interior NASA Justice Joint Chiefs of Staff DefenseTransportation Interagency GPS Executive Board

United States GPS Policy Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998 GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free of direct user feesGPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free of direct user fees U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a world standardU.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a world standard Selective Availability -- ended May 2000Selective Availability -- ended May 2000 IGEB to manage GPS as a national assetIGEB to manage GPS as a national asset

United States GPS Policy, cont’d. Encourage private sector investment in/use of GPS technologies and servicesEncourage private sector investment in/use of GPS technologies and services Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fieldsPromote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fields Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposesPromote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposes Advance scientific and technical capabilitiesAdvance scientific and technical capabilities Strengthen and maintain national securityStrengthen and maintain national security

ApplicationsApplications

Military GPS is a recognized NATO standardGPS is a recognized NATO standard GPS is required on all U.S. weapons platformsGPS is required on all U.S. weapons platforms GPS -based precision munitions widely used during Gulf War, KosovoGPS -based precision munitions widely used during Gulf War, Kosovo

Aviation GPS approved for en-route navigationGPS approved for en-route navigation More efficient flight routing leads to fuel savingsMore efficient flight routing leads to fuel savings Better tracking of aircraft enhances safetyBetter tracking of aircraft enhances safety Closer spacing of planes increases airspace capacityCloser spacing of planes increases airspace capacity $710M market by 2003$710M market by 2003

Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment

Projected Relative Market Share

ModernizationModernization

GPS Modernization Program Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full Operational CapabilityNeed for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full Operational Capability –Anti-jam military needs –Better, more reliable civilian service –Recognized growing importance of GPS to both sectors 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice Presidential announcements committed U.S. to modernization and improvement path1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice Presidential announcements committed U.S. to modernization and improvement path –New signals, better service ( no direct user fees) –Selective Availability (SA) discontinued –Over $1 billion added to future U.S. GPS investment

P(Y) C/A Modernized Signal Evolution C/AP(Y) P(Y) P(Y) M C/A M Present Signal (Block II/IIA/IIR) 2 nd Civil; M-Code Block IIR-M (IOC: 2008; FOC: 2010) 3 rd Civil Block IIF (IOC: 2012; FOC 2014) C/A P(Y)M P(Y) C/AM 1176 MHz (L5) 1227 MHz (L2) 1575 MHz (L1)

GPS III Program Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet next generation military and civilian positioning, navigation, and timing needsProcure cost-effective GPS system to meet next generation military and civilian positioning, navigation, and timing needs SpaceSegment ControlSegmentUserEquipment

The GPS III Opportunity Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to:Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to: –Achieve current and long term GPS performance goals –Reduce long term total ownership costs –Capitalize on emerging technologies –Provide flexibility and robustness to meet evolving requirements –Discover military and economic value of pushing to higher performance capabilities ScopeScope –Military and Civil –Possible augmentation opportunities Ensure best GPS system for the next 30 years

GPS III System Architecture and Requirements Definition (SARD) Phase 12-month study between government and industry12-month study between government and industry –Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing) –Firm Fixed Price contracts –$16M per contractor –Awarded 8 Nov 00 –Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds) Near term goalsNear term goals –Build technical requirements set –Illustrate requirements through architectural solutions –Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit assessment

GPS III SARD Phase Products Technical Requirements for Development Milestones Technical Requirements for Development Milestones Architectures that support Technical Requirements Architectures that support Technical Requirements Life Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture Life Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Draft System Effectiveness and Performance Metrics Draft System Effectiveness and Performance Metrics Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) Acquisition Strategy Acquisition Strategy Entry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones Entry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones Technology Roadmap Technology Roadmap

Spectrum Issues Affecting Commercial and Military Use

UWB Technology Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology uses very short (nanosecond) bursts of energy spread over thousands of megahertzUltra-wideband (UWB) technology uses very short (nanosecond) bursts of energy spread over thousands of megahertz –Potential applications include communications - some are potentially synergistic with GPS –But UWB emissions may cross restricted spectrum bands used by GPS and cause interference

UWB Definition “UWB” describes a number of radio/radar signal types such as: impulse, carrier-free, baseband, time domain and large-relative- bandwidth“UWB” describes a number of radio/radar signal types such as: impulse, carrier-free, baseband, time domain and large-relative- bandwidth –Each of these types of electromagnetic energy propagation can be characterized by widely varying signal structure and temporal variations FCC proposed definition is: any device where the fractional bandwidth is greater than 0.25 or occupies 1.5 GHz or more of spectrumFCC proposed definition is: any device where the fractional bandwidth is greater than 0.25 or occupies 1.5 GHz or more of spectrum –a signal centered at 4 GHz would be considered "UWB " if its bandwidth were 1 GHz or more –a signal at 1 GHz would qualify as UWB for bandwidths of 250 MHz or more.

Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain Time Domain Pulse Train Frequency Domain Continuous Waveform Pulses of energy across wide unregulated spectrum instead of continuous waves confined to assigned regulated spectrum

Issues Raised by Unlicensed Release of UWB Devices Issues Raised by Unlicensed Release of UWB Devices What controls must be placed on UWB emitters so that they cannot easily jam GPS?What controls must be placed on UWB emitters so that they cannot easily jam GPS? What measures can be taken to limit and control UWB interference to acceptable levels?What measures can be taken to limit and control UWB interference to acceptable levels? How can composite interference in safety-of- life bands be controlled?How can composite interference in safety-of- life bands be controlled? What is the quantifiable level of known interference to existing services? Would this raise the noise floor to an unacceptable level?What is the quantifiable level of known interference to existing services? Would this raise the noise floor to an unacceptable level?

Status of the Rulemaking Process Initial comment, reply comment, and test data submission period ended on October 30, 00Initial comment, reply comment, and test data submission period ended on October 30, 00 NTIA submitted first, non-GPS report on January 18, 01NTIA submitted first, non-GPS report on January 18, 01 Second (GPS) report submitted on March 9, 01 Second (GPS) report submitted on March 9, 01 Third report (GPS addendum) to be submitted no earlier than JuneThird report (GPS addendum) to be submitted no earlier than June FCC staff has recently stated a desire to issue a R&O in early summer 01FCC staff has recently stated a desire to issue a R&O in early summer 01

Upcoming WRC Issues

Agenda Item RNSS Resolutions Resolution 606 – L2 ( MHz) –Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time for WRC- 03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies, including an assessment of the need for a power flux-density limit concerning the operation of radionavigation-satellite service (space- to-Earth) systems in the frequency band 1215 ‑ 1300 MHz in order to ensure that the radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) will not cause harmful interference to the radionavigation and the radiolocation services

Agenda Item RNSS Resolutions Resolution 605 – L5 ( MHz) –Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time for WRC- 03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies on the overall compatibility between the radionavigation-satellite service and the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band MHz, including an assessment of the need for an aggregate power flux-density limit, and revision, if necessary, of the provisional pfd limit given in No. S5.328A concerning the operation of radionavigation satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in the frequency band MHz

Overview of Dual Use

Dual Use Positives Commercial use of GPS now dwarfs military useCommercial use of GPS now dwarfs military use Civil agencies actively involved in acquisitions and requirements processes for GPSCivil agencies actively involved in acquisitions and requirements processes for GPS Utility of GPS results in widespread interest in and use of GPS, both at home and abroadUtility of GPS results in widespread interest in and use of GPS, both at home and abroad –Pros -- Brings commercial interests to bear on a large scale, a positive in international venues as well as domestically –Widespread enthusiasm for GPS assists in budgetary processes on a macro scale

Dual Use Concerns Active civil and commercial involvement in GPS can create system management issuesActive civil and commercial involvement in GPS can create system management issues –AF must operate a system that serves more than just military utility –Civil aviation augmentations rely on and are built around core system performance –GPS spectrum issues include other civil navigation systems Perception of US Government management of GPS can cause concernsPerception of US Government management of GPS can cause concerns –Galileo’s civil-only stance a prime example

Office of Space Commercialization Report Overall -- Commercial space market continues to grow, reaching $105 billion in 2002Overall -- Commercial space market continues to grow, reaching $105 billion in 2002 GPS -- In 2000, global sales of GPS equipment reached $7.34 billion, with slightly more than half sold by US firms. Recent ending of SA should accelerate the marketGPS -- In 2000, global sales of GPS equipment reached $7.34 billion, with slightly more than half sold by US firms. Recent ending of SA should accelerate the market Work To Do -- In space launch, US providers captured only 29% of the $5.4 billion market in 2000, down from 49% two years earlierWork To Do -- In space launch, US providers captured only 29% of the $5.4 billion market in 2000, down from 49% two years earlier

Application Back Up Slides

Car Navigation On-board navigationOn-board navigation Fleet managementFleet management Roadside assistanceRoadside assistance Stolen vehicle recoveryStolen vehicle recovery Enhanced servicesEnhanced services Mass market dominated by JapanMass market dominated by Japan Dataquest: Unit sales of chips for car navigation to reach 11.3M in 2001Dataquest: Unit sales of chips for car navigation to reach 11.3M in 2001 $4.7B sales by 2003$4.7B sales by 2003

Consumer/Recreational Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc.Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc. Recreational facilities -- golf courses, ski resortsRecreational facilities -- golf courses, ski resorts Integration of GPS into cellular phonesIntegration of GPS into cellular phones –E-911 requirement $3.8B market by 2003$3.8B market by 2003

Surveying/Mapping/GIS Sub-centimeter accuracySub-centimeter accuracy 100%-300% savings in time, cost, & labor100%-300% savings in time, cost, & labor –Control survey point: $10,000 in 1986; $250 in 1997 Rural electrificationRural electrification Telecom tower placementTelecom tower placement PipelinesPipelines Oil, gas, and mineral explorationOil, gas, and mineral exploration Flood plain mappingFlood plain mapping $3.12B market by 2003$3.12B market by 2003

Tracking/Machine Control Package/cargo deliveryPackage/cargo delivery Fleet and asset managementFleet and asset management Theft recoveryTheft recovery Public safety and servicesPublic safety and services Farming, mining, and construction equipmentFarming, mining, and construction equipment DGPS/RTK required for many applicationsDGPS/RTK required for many applications $3B market by 2003$3B market by 2003

Public Services City planningCity planning Transportation infrastructureTransportation infrastructure –Road Billing Network (ROBIN) –Snowplows Emergency responseEmergency response –Law enforcement –Fire fighting –Search and rescue –Paramedics –Disaster relief

Maritime Navigation GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterwaysGPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterways Improved safety increases maritime commerceImproved safety increases maritime commerce Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countriesMaritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countries $210M market by 2003$210M market by 2003

Timing GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipmentGPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipment Telecommunications network synchronization & managementTelecommunications network synchronization & management –Phones, pagers, wireless systems –LANs, WANs, Internet Financial transactionsFinancial transactions Electrical power grid management & fault locationElectrical power grid management & fault location Digital signatures for e-commerceDigital signatures for e-commerce Some estimate the timing market at $40-100MSome estimate the timing market at $40-100M

Scientific Research Monitoring geological changeMonitoring geological change –Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes Wildlife behaviorWildlife behavior Atmospheric modelingAtmospheric modeling –Water vapor content Oceanic studiesOceanic studies –Tidal patterns –Surface mapping Time transferTime transfer

Precision Agriculture Maximize use of resourcesMaximize use of resources –Optimized plowing of crop rows –Tailored applications of seeds, fertilizer, water, pesticides –Improved management of land, machinery, personnel, time –Greater crop yields –Net benefit: $5-14 per acre Minimize environmental impactsMinimize environmental impacts –Localized identification and treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical use –Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff

Open Pit Mining Enhanced management of assets, equipmentEnhanced management of assets, equipment Progress tracked in real-time, remotelyProgress tracked in real-time, remotely Improved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidentsImproved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidents Rapid surveying for drilling blast holesRapid surveying for drilling blast holes Smaller, more empowered workforceSmaller, more empowered workforce

Space Applications Improved orbit and attitude control for spacecraft, International Space StationImproved orbit and attitude control for spacecraft, International Space Station Space Station return vehicleSpace Station return vehicle Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar mapsAdvance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar maps Satellite formation flyingSatellite formation flying Space launch range safetySpace launch range safety

Construction Machinery, asset, and personnel managementMachinery, asset, and personnel management Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc.Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc. Accident preventionAccident prevention Remote control of machinery possibleRemote control of machinery possible –Japanese volcano dam GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden