Dr. Marjorie Peace Lenn Executive Director Center for Quality Assurance in International Education National Center for Higher Education Washington, D.C. October 1, 2004 CLEAR *** Kansas City

KNOWLEDGE has become the single most important factor in economic development and global competitiveness

Higher Education Concerns 1. Appropriate Objectives 2. Good Management 3. Effective Operations = Quality Assurance/ Accreditation

Profession’s Concerns 1. Code of Conduct/Ethics 2. Keeping Current in Practice 3. Mobility = Competency Assurance/ Certification and Licensure

Shared Characteristics: Quality & Competency Assurance n Defines by Setting Standards n Assists in Reform Efforts n Provides Structure for Improvement/Planning n Assists Users to Make Choices & Decisions

GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

n ACCESS Global Supply of Learners Year Global Asia M 17M M 87M Source: International Education: Australia’s Potential Demand & Supply, IDB

Tertiary Enrollment Ratios, 1995

National Quality Assurance Agencies: A Global View The scope and status of agencies vary, depending on countries. The list is not exhaustive, especially where there are rapidly growing movements as governments face pressing needs to establish a quality assurance agency. courtesy of OECD/CERI

Share of Enrollment in Private Higher Education (percent) Note: In the few Western European countries which have a high proportion of enrollments in private institutions (for example, Belgium and the Netherlands), higher education continues to be almost entirely financed by the state which subsidizes both public and private higher education institutions. Source: World Bank 2003

Transnational Education n n Branch Campuses n n Study Abroad n n Franchises n n Twinning n n Distance Education n n Corporate Programs

Largest Importers n n Canada n n France n n Germany n n United Kingdom n n United States (63% of 1.2 million market) UNESCO

Largest Exporters n Australia4 billion $ n United Kingdom 3 billion $ n United States 13 billion $ Sources: DETYA, USTR, COMMERCE

Top Ten Services Exports n Travel$71.3 bill n Transportation $45.5 bill n Financial Svcs$16.5 bill n Commercial, Professional & Technical Svcs$16.3 bill n Education and Training Services $13.0 bill n Entertainment$ 7.1 bill n Information Svcs$ 4.0 bill n Telecom$ 3.7 bill n Equip Installation, Maintenance & Repair$ 3.7 bill n Healthcare$ 1.2 bill Source: International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce

GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

Effects of Regionalism n n More outward-looking stance n n Greater liberalization of national policy n n Equal partnership with other countries n n Source: Regional Integration, World Bank, 2003

MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS MRA’s

Regional Free Trade Agreements: Toward MRA’s MERCOSUR Engineering, Medicine, Agronomy EU European Consortium for Accreditation in Higher Education (ECA) APEC Engineering & Architecture US-CANADA Medicine, Engineering, Dentistry, Accountancy

Global Definitions of Professions Engineering – Washington Accord Architecture – IUA Accounting – WTO Nurse Anesthesia – IFNA Teacher Education - IRTE

Regional QA Organizations ENQA – EUROPE ECA – EUROPE CCA – CENTRAL AMERICA APQN – ASIA PACIFIC AAAC – CANADA ASPA – USA CHEA - USA

Professional Accreditation and Certification: Gateways to Quality and Mobility in the Americas June 10-11, 2004 Mexico City Co-Sponsors: Ministries of Education: Mexico and Chile Ministries of Trade: Mexico and Chile Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development The World Bank Coordinator: The Center for Quality Assurance in International Education

GLOBALIZING PROFESSIONS AND THE CENTER FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION n n Allied Health (Latin America)   Occupational Therapy (Also Europe)   Physical Therapy (Also Europe)   Speech Language Hearing n n Management & Accounting (Global & C/EEurope) n n Engineering (Global & Asia) n n Architecture (Global & Asia) n n Medicine (Eastern Europe) n n Counseling (Global) n n Law (Eastern Europe) n n Psychology (NAFTA) n n Nursing (NAFTA & Asia) n n Nurse Anesthesia (Global) n n Dietetics (Global) n n Journalism (Americas) n n Music (Asia, Europe, GCC) n n Teacher Education (Global & GCC)

Impact of Trade Agreements on Higher Education n n National higher education policy liberalization; n n Common standards for professional education; n n Cross-border provision on higher education by private providers; and n n Mutual recognition of academic credentials

GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY

Center for Quality Assurance in International Education Global Activity: National Quality and Competency Assurance Capacity Building AMERICAS Mexico, English Speaking Caribbean, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia Regional Coordination: Organization of American States, Inter American Press Association AFRICA Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa Regional Coordination: Association of African Universities, South African Universities Vice Chancellors Association MIDDLE EAST United Arab Emirates, Israel, Oman, West Bank and Gaza Regional Coordination: GCC, World Bank ASIA Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Thailand, Vietnam Regional Coordination: World Bank, UNDP, OECD, Chinese Society for Evaluation of Higher Education EUROPE Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Estonia, Sweden, Balkans, Switzerland, Greece Regional Coordination: The World Bank, UNESCO, Council of Europe, OECD, Soros Foundation, US State

INQAAHE International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education 1991: 20 countries 2004: 80 countries Principles of Good Practice

Regional Program for EA/P Asia Pacific Quality Network n n Regional Quality Assurance Services n n Regional Pool of External Reviewers n n Regional Information Clearinghouse n n Regional Staff Exchanges n n Regional Training and Development n n Liaison Functions with Regional and Global Organizations

OECD-UNESCO 2005 Goals n n Provide better information on how to recognize bogus institutions of higher education and bogus accrediting bodies n n Create an international recognition process for national quality assurance bodies n n Encourage regional associations of quality assurance bodies n n Create an international database of “accredited” institutions and programs of higher education n n Improve the process of recognizing degrees across borders

How Not to Globalize a Profession n n Multiple levels of practice n n Uncommon Standards for Education & Practice n n Emphasis on Inputs rather than Outcomes   Multiple routes to accreditation and certification   Immature or multiple International Organization(s)   Protectionists vs. Globalists

Key Lessons n The Professions are Globalizing n Countries Need to Keep Pace n Growing Reliance on World Standard Professional Practice (Global Competencies) n Need to Strengthen Capacity in National Professional Bodies n Gain Strength in Regional Cooperation

GPS #1: ACCESS GPS #2: MOBILITY GPS #3: QUALITY