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Dimetrodon Coccosteus cuspidatus Stromatolites Tappania Tiktaalik Hallucigenia Dickinsonia costata 3,500 1, mya 0.5 m 4.5 cm 1 cm 1 m 2.5 cm Rhomaleosaurus victor 2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ½ ¼ ⅛ Time (half-lives) Fraction of parent isotope remaining Remaining “parent” isotope Accumulating “daughter” isotope

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. OTHER TETRA- PODS Synapsid (300 mya) Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) † Very late (non- mammalian) cynodonts † Dimetrodon Mammals Synapsids Therapsids Cynodonts Key to skull bones ArticularDentary QuadrateSquamosal Early cynodont (260 mya) Temporal fenestra (partial view) Hinge Temporal fenestra Hinge Temporal fenestra Hinge Therapsid (280 mya) New hinge Very late cynodont (195 mya) Original hinge Later cynodont (220 mya) 4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Common ancestor of lineages A and B Millions of years ago Lineage B Lineage A † † † † † †

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core 6

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate Australian Plate Indian Plate Arabian Plate African Plate Antarctic Plate Scotia Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Pacific Plate Caribbean Plate North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Cocos Plate 7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Collision of India with Eurasia Present-day continents Laurasia and Gondwana landmasses The supercontinent Pangaea Gondwana Laurasia Antarctica Eurasia Africa India Australia North America South America Madagascar Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic 251 mya 135 mya 65.5 mya 45 mya Present 8

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Millions of years ago (mya) Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/southeast Asia): 310 species India Madagascar 56 mya88 mya

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Time (mya) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic EOSDCPTrJPCN Q ,000 1,100 Era Period Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. NORTH AMERICA Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater 11

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mass extinctions CoolerWarmer Relative temperature 012−2−2−1−1−3−3 −2−2 −1− Relative extinction rate of marine animal genera 34 12

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Time (mya) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic EOSDCPTrJPCN Q Era Period Predator genera (%) Permian mass extinction Cretaceous mass extinction 13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ancestral mammal ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Time (millions of years ago) Eutherians (5,010 species) Marsupials (324 species) Monotremes (5 species) 14

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii Argyroxiphium sandwicense Dubautia linearis Dubautia scabra Dubautia waialealae Dubautia laxa KAUAI 5.1 million years OAHU 3.7 million years HAWAII 0.4 million years 1.3 million years MAUI MOLOKAI LANAI N 15

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chimpanzee infantChimpanzee adult Chimpanzee fetus Human adultHuman fetus 16

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hand and finger bones 17

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gills 18

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hox gene 6Hox gene 7Hox gene 8 About 400 mya DrosophilaArtemia Ubx 19

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothesis A: Differences in sequence Hypothesis B: Differences in expression Results Marine stickleback embryo: expression in ventral spine and mouth regions Lake stickleback embryo: expression only in mouth regions Result: No The 283 amino acids of the Pitx1 protein are identical. Result: Yes Red arrows indicate regions of Pitx1 expression. 20

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Patch of pigmented cells Pigmented cells (photoreceptors) Nerve fibers Epithelium Example: Patella, a limpet (b) Eyecup Nerve fibers Pigmented cells Example: Pleurotomaria, a slit shell mollusc (c) Pinhole camera-type eye Epithelium Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Pigmented layer (retina) Example: Nautilus (d) Eye with primitive lens Cellular mass (lens) Cornea Optic nerve Example: Murex, a marine snail Cornea Lens Retina Optic nerve (e) Complex camera lens- type eye Example: Loligo, a squid 21