HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY THE CRANIAL NERVES HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CRANIAL NERVES 12-pair named “cranial” because each passes thru a foramina of the cranium part of PNS each with roman numeral (order from anterior  posterior in which nerves arise from base of brain) & a name that indicates nerve distribution

CRANIAL NERVES classified as: sensory motor mixed (sensory & motor)

Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory olfact = to smell sensory olfactory epithelium on superior surface of nasal cavity just inferior to cribiform plate of ethmoid bone olfactory receptors are bipolar neurons each: single odor-sensitive dendrite their unmyelinated axons join above plate form rt or lt olfactory nerves

Course of Olfactory Nerve olfactory nerves end in pair of olfactory bulbs: masses of gray matter resting just above cribiform plate where they synapse with next neurons in olfactory pathway

Course of Olfactory Nerve axons of these neurons make up the olfactory tracts  posteriorly to primary olfaction center in temporal lobe

Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve optic = eye sensory rods & cones in retina: receptors initiating visual signals & relay them  bipolar cells  optic ganglion neurons  their axons join forming optic nerves pass thru optic foramen  optic chiasm: a cross-over of medial half of each eye to opposite side (lateral half does not cross

Optic Chiasm

Optic Tracts from optic chiasm  optic tracts most axons  thalamus  synapse with neurons whose axons  primary visual area of occipital lobe some axons synapse with motor neurons in midbrain extrinsic eye muscles

Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor oculo = eye mixed, mainly motor its motor nucleus in ventral part of midbrain 2 branches pass thru superior orbital fissure

Oculomotor Nerve Extrinsic Muscles of Eye Superior Branch Inferior Branch axons innervate: superior rectus levator palpebrae superioris (upper eyelid) axons innervate: medial rectus inferior rectus inferior oblique

Oculomotor Nerve inferior branch also: parasympathetic innervation to intrisic muscle of eye (smooth muscle) ciliary muscle: adjusts lens for near/far vision circular muscle of iris: contracts/relaxes in response to amt of light (pupils constrict/dilate)

Oculomotor Nerve: Sensory proprioception: nonvisual perception of movements & positions of body

Cranial Nerve IV: Troclear Nerve trochle = pulley mixed, mainly motor smallest of the 12 cranial nerves only 1 that arises from posterior of midbrain

Cranial Nerve IV: Troclear Nerve motor: axons from nucleus in midbrain  superior orbital fissure innervates superior oblique muscle sensory: proprioception in superior oblique

Cranial Nerve IV: Troclear Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve V largest of 12 cranial nerves mixed: sensory: ganglion in temporal bone motor: neurons in pons

Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve tri: has 3 branches Ophthalmic: sensory only: upper eyelids, eyes, lacrimal glands, upper nasal cavity, side of nose, forehead, anterior ½ of scalp Maxillary: sensory only: mucosa of nose, palate, part of pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, lower eyelids Mandibular: sensory: anterior 2/3 of tongue (not taste), cheek, lower teeth motor: muscles of mastication

Trigeminal Nerve

Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Nerve ab: away / ducens: to lead (nerve impulses causes abduction of eyeball) mixed mainly motor nucleus in pons (motor): innervates lateral rectus muscle sensory: proprioception in lateral rectus

Abducens Nerve

On Which Side is VI not Functioning?

Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve mixed sensory: taste buds anterior 2/3 of tongue, proprioceptors in face & scalp motor: nucleus in pons innervates muscles of facial expression + stylohyoid muscle & posterior belly of digastric muscle parasympathetic: lacrimal glands, palatine glands, salivary glands: sublingual & sub-mandibular

Facial Nerve

Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve vestibule:small cavity; cochlear: snail-like mixed, mainly sensory 2 branches Vestibular: equilibrium Cochlear: hearing motor: hair cells of spiral organ

Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve glosso:tongue, pharyngeal: throat Mixed sensory: taste buds & somatic sensory receptors on posterior 1/3 tongue, proprioceptors in swallowing muscles, baroreceptors (stretch) in carotid sinus, chemoreceptors in carotid bodies motor: from nuclei in medulla, exit thru jugular foramen, innervate stylopharyngeus muscle (elevates pharynx & larynx) parasympathetic: motor: stimulate parotid gland to secrete saliva

Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve vagus: wanderer, vagrant mixed distributed from head  abdomen

Vagus Nerve sensory: skin of external ear taste buds in epiglottis & pharynx proprioceptors in muscles of neck & throat baroreceptors in arch of aorta & chemoreceptors in aortic bodies visceral sensory receptors in most organs of thorax & abdominal cavities

Vagus Nerve parasympathetic motor: heart & lungs glands in GI tract smooth muscle of airways, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

Distribution of Vagus Nerve

Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve mixed originates from both the brainstem & spinal cord cranial root: motor: from medulla thru jugular foramen supplies voluntary muscles of pharynx, larynx, & soft palate spinal root: mixed, mainly motor motor:

Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve spinal root: mixed, mainly motor motor: neurons in anterior gray horn of C1 – C5  axons come together  foramen magnum  jugular foramen innervates sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles sensory: proprioceptors in muscles it supplies

Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal hypo: below, glossal: tongue mixed sensory:proprioceptors in tongue muscles  medulla motor: nucleus in medulla  hypoglossal canal  muscles of the tongue (speech, swallowing)

Development of the Nervous System begins developing in 3rd wk from a thickening of ectoderm called the neural plate

Development of the Brain & Spinal Cord