prevention strategies and treatments HANEWINKEL AND WIBORG DAVIS ET. AL Claire Evenson, Niveda Ganesh, Nadia McCloskey, and Heather Purchas

Hanewinkel and Wiborg: “The smoke-free classroom competition”

Research Design ●Classes decided is they were going to be a smoking or non smoking classroom ●Students reported their smoking behavior to teachers through periodic check-ins over a 6 month span ●Data of non-smoking and smoking classrooms collected by the teachers was compared after the study was concluded.

●Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the “Smoke-Free Classroom Competition” in delaying the onset of smoking in adolescents. ●Hypothesis: The “Smoke-Free Classroom Competition” program will help decrease smoking amongst adolescents. Aim/ Hypothesis

●Participation in this “Smoke- Free Classroom Competition” program could delay the onset of smoking in adolescents leading to a societal change ●This program could raise awareness about the harmful effects of smoking to adolescents and adults ●The research done by Hanewinkel and Wiborg can help develop more strategies to prevent kids from starting to smoke in the first place Social Implications

●This study started a huge program all across Europe to stop smoking as being “the norm”. ●Several process evaluation studies have been carried out in the European participating countries demonstrating high acceptance and practicability of the program. ●A recent study on the effectiveness of SFC confirmed previous findings: SFC contributes to reduce the probability of progressing from experimental to established smoking. ●A detailed cost-effectiveness study shows that SFC is a cost-effective school-based intervention, providing net benefits of 5.59 (direct net benefits) and Mio. Euro (incl. indirect net benefits) for Germany only. Psychological Implications

●Strengths: o Applicable to real-life programs o Had very large sample size (2142 students) o Had schools all over Europe participate o Many replication studies were done to prove effectiveness ●Limitations: o Only in European countries (can’t necessarily apply to all cultures) o Self-reported (students could lie to get prize) o Only was on age (only applicable to young people) Strengths/ Limitations

“Be Smart, Don’t Start” Pneumonic Device

Davis et al. “A pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers”

-MSBR: mindfulness based stress reduction -a stress reduction program developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn -taught in over 240 institutions worldwide. -provides basic instructions in mindfulness and in starting a daily meditation practice to individuals, most of whom have not had prior exposure to the subject. -requires participants to meet as a group for 2–3 hours, once per week, for eight weeks, meet for a 7-hour "day of mindfulness", and practice mindfulness meditation 45 minutes per day, 6 days per week. -18 subjects enrolled in the intervention with an average smoking history of 19.9 cigarettes per day for 26.4 years. Research Design

Aim: -To reduce participants’ stress by having them quit smoking. Hypothesis: -mindfulness training is associated with a reduction of mood disturbances. Aim/ Hypothesis

●compliance with meditation practice appeared to be associated with smoking abstinence ●highly compliant meditators demonstrated substantial decreases in reported stress and affective distress Social Implications

●First ones to come up with this method for therapy ●Subsequent testing of mindfulness training as a smoking intervention would include the use of pharmacotherapy, random assignment of smokers to the intervention vs. control group, and six-month follow-up. ●recruitment flyers advertised only a "quit smoking study" with no mention of meditation and no subjects were excluded based on motivation. ● high level of compliance with meditation among those in the study. Psychological Implications

●mindfulness training may show promise for smoking cessation and warrants additional study in a larger comparative trial. ●Used different methods to ensure accuracy (questionnaires and experiments) ●A scale was created called The Perceived Stress Scale is a questionnaire designed to provide an assessment of symptoms of stress The PSS has robust reliability and validity and has been used in multiple studies to measure the effect of mindfulness training on stress Strengths

●limitation to the intervention's effectiveness is the omission of pharmacotherapy (medical treatment). ●Limitations of the study also include a small sample size, absence of a control group and short-term follow-up. ●the program orientation, which discouraged four individuals from participating, may have introduced a selection bias that would lead to an overestimation of the intervention efficacy in other populations. Limitations

Pneumonic Device

Wiborg, Gudrun, and Reiner Hanewinkel. "Effectiveness of the “Smoke-Free Class Competition” in Delaying the Onset of Smoking in Adolescence."Science Direct. American Health Foundation and Elsevier Science, Web. 02 Dec Davis, James M., Michael F. Fleming, Katherine A. Bonus, and Timothy B. Baker. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 25 Jan Web. 02 Dec Works Cited