INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Presentation transcript:

INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS Course Objectives 1. Model common control system components. 2. Select an appropriate control algorithm of PID type or one of its variations. 3. Analyze the performance of a control algorithm using transfer functions, block diagrams, and computer methods, in light of given performance specifications. 4. Using MATLAB and Simulink to analyze and simulate control systems A control system consists of subsystems and plants for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. A major aplication of the methods of system dynamics is the design of control systems. Konforlu bir yaşam için binaların sıcaklık ve nem kontrolünü ayarlamamız gerekir. Burada amaçlar önemlidir. İnsanlar için sıcaklık bitkiler için sıcaklık, ışık, ve nem kontrolü gereklidir.

Open-loop control sytems Closed-loop control sytems Basic Components of a Control System Objectives of control (Inputs) Control system components (Controller, plant, actuator, sensor,…) Results (Outputs) Robot : Sensors (Optical image, displacement, speed,force, torque, pressure voltage, current). Actuators (AC motors, DC motors, step motors, hydroulic actuators) Automobile : Sensors (Displacement,speed,force,pressure,temperature, fluid flow, fluid level voltage, current). Actuators (DC motors, step motors, pumps, heat sources) Home Heating System : Sensors (Temperature, pressure, fluid flow). Actuators (Motors, pumps, heat sources) Bir kontrol sistemi verilen bir girdiye karşılık istenen çıktıyı (hedef) istenen performans ile elde etmek için birleştirilen alt sistemlerden ve proseslerden (plant) oluşur. Amaçlar girdileri, sonuçlar ise kontrol edilen değişkenleri etkiler. Kontrol sistemi, tamamlayıcı olarak bir kontrolörü içeren bir dinamik sistemdir. Bir kontrolörün görevi kontrol edilecek prosesi istenen şekilde kumanda edecek (sürecek) kontrol sinyallerini üretmektir. Sensörler, aktüatörler, kontrolörler, sinyal değiştiriciler bir kontrol sisteminin temel bileşenleridir. Kontrol aksiyonlarını gerçekleştirmek için aktüatörler gereklidir. Çıktı sinyallerini ölçmek ve izlemek için sensörler gereklidir. Bir kontrol sistemi içinde çok farklı tip ve seviyede sinyaller bulunduğu için, sinyal işleme ve koşullandırma kontrol sisteminin çok önemli fonksiyonlarından biridir. Kontrol mühendisleri kontrol sistemi için özellikle (sensörleri ve aktüatörleri) bu bileşenleri tanıyabilmelidir ve belirli spesifikasyonlara göre seçebilmelidir. Bireysel olarak bu bileşenleri ve tüm sistemi modelleyebilmeli ve analiz edebilmelidir. Control systems Open-loop control sytems Closed-loop control sytems

Control (Actuation) Signal Open Loop Control Systems: Actuator Controller Plant v u Input Output Sensitive to changing in parameters and disturbance. Closed Loop Control Systems: (Feedback Systems) Reference Output Plant u Controller Actuator Sensor Error + Disturbance - Control (Actuation) Signal Sensing signal Kapalı sistem: sisteme özgü davranış sağlanmıyor ise, örneğin; Cevap çok ağır olabilir. Cevap kararsız olabilir. Sistem dış etkilere maruz kalabilir. Sistem içindeki bileşenlerin zamanla değerleri (cevabın değişimine neden olan) değişebilir. Error signal= Reference – Sensing signal

Examples of Control System Applications Idle-speed control Washing machine Step motors Heater Bu örneklerin çalışma esası bu sistemlere dayanır. Örneğin çamaşır makinasında tüm programlar Açık sistem olarak belirli zaman aralığında ve belirli devir sayısında çalışır. Ç.M. dinamiği yüke karşı çok duyarlıdır. Aşırı yükte parametreleri düzenleyemediği için performans düşer ve arızalar meydana gelir. Benzer, Kirliliği ölçerek (böyle bir sensör yok) parametreleri değiştiremez. Kapalı kontrol; sistem cevabını izleme, cevabı istenen değer ile karşılaştırma, istenen cevap doğrultusunda sistemi kumanda edecek şekilde bir sistem girdisi oluşturma gibi unsurları kapsar. Robots Home heating system Cruise control

Home Heating Control System : Reference temp. Controller (Thermostat) Temperature Sensor : Measured temp. : Disturbance Control signal (heat transfer: door, window, wall, etc.) Fuel flow Heater Valve Error Status Control action Cold Open valve Hot Close valve Konforlu yaşam için sıcaklık kontrolü önemlidir. Kontrol hedefi için ölçülen sıcaklık değeri ayarlanmış referans değer ile sürekli karşılatırılır. Kontrol eylemi kontrolör hatasına dayanır. Ortam sıcaklığı ayarlanan referans değerden büyük (soğuk) ise kontrol eylemi “yakıt valfini aç”, ortam sıcaklığı ayarlanan referans değerden küçük (sıcak) kontrol eylemi “yakıt valfini kapat” yönünde olur. + + Controlller (Thermostat) Valve + Plant Temp. Sensor -

Motor and Powertrain system Cruise Control System Usage in 1990’s Driver comfort Save fuel Bu sistem 1990 lı yıllarda araçlarda kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Sistemde kontrolör bir bilgisayardır. Kontrolöre debriyaj, fren, gaz ve direksiyon veya çevresindeki düğmelere bağlı sensörlerden sinyaller gelir. Hız sabitlendiğinde yakıt valfi motora sabit miktarda yakıt gönderir. D, F veya G a basıldığında devreden hız sabitleyici devreden çıkar. Önündeki mesafeyi de dikkate alan sistemler mevcuttur. Uzun yolculuklarda sürücü konforu ile birlikte % 15 yakıt tasarrufu sağlamaktadır. Road conditions Error signal Fuel flow Vehicle speed Measured speed signal Control signal Reference + + Actuator(Valf) + Motor and Powertrain system Speed Sensor Controller Speed -

a) Mathematical model (Cruise Control System) : Fp: Pushing force (from engine) Fd: Distrubance (wind, gravity, enviromental factors, etc.) b) Closed loop control:

Control Aplications with Industrial Robots Inverted pendulum control Ball grabber