Technologies for Radon & Radionuclide Removal Tom Sorg U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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Presentation transcript:

Technologies for Radon & Radionuclide Removal Tom Sorg U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Radon Rn Radium Ra Uranium U Radionuclides

Radioactive Element in the Uranium 238 decay series Decay product of Ra 226 Alpha emitter Half life of 3.8 days Radon - 222

Rn days Po min Pb min Bi min Po x10 -6 sec Pb years Radon - 222

Gas Naturally occurring ground water contaminant Proposed MCL pCi/L MMM Program pCi/L (AMCL) Radon - 222

Aeration (BAT) % GAC % Radon Removal Technology

Packed tower % High performance PP % Diffused bubble % Tray % Spray % Mechanical surface>90 % Aeration Technology

GAC % High EBCT requirements Potential radiation exposure problems Potential waste disposal problems GAC Technology Very Small Systems/ POU/POE

Ra 224 Thorium series Alpha emitter Half life of 3.6 days Ra 226 Uranium series Alpha emitter Half life of 1620 years Radium

Ra 228 Thorium series Beta emitter Half life of 6.7 years Radium

Cation Ra +2 Naturally occurring ground water contaminant Current MCL - 5 pCi/L (Ra Ra 228) Radium

Chemistry is similar to calcium and magnesium (hardness elements) Radium

Cation Exchange % Lime Softening % Membrane Processes % Selective Complexers 97+ % Radium Removal Technology

Cation Exchange - Selectivity Sequence Ra +2 > Ba +2 > Ca +2 > Mg +2 > Na +2 > H +2 Hardness can be used as a surrogate measurement of radium breakthrough Radium Removal Technology

U 238 Uranium series Alpha emitter Half life of 4.5x10 9 years U 234 Uranium series Alpha emitter Half life of 2.5x10 5 years Uranium

U 235 Actinium series Alpha emitter Half life of 7.1x10 6 years Uranium

Cation/Anion/Neutral depending on pH Naturally occurring ground water contaminant Current MCL - none Proposed MCL in ug/L 30 pCi/L Uranium

Uranium in Water Chemical Forms pH < 2.5 Cation - UO 2 + pH < Neutral - UO 2 (CO 3 ) 0 pH Anion - UO 2 (CO 3 ) -2 - UO 2 (CO 3 ) -4

Coagulation/Filtration % Lime softening % Anion Exchange % Activated Alumina % Membrane processes % Uranium Removal Technology

Anion Exchange - High U capacity Treat 10k -100k bed volumes Capacity sulfate dependent Uranium Removal Technology

Cation /Anion Exchange System Ra BVs U 10k -100k BVs Adjust amount of cation / anion resin Optimum mixture - 10 % anion 90 % cation Uranium + Radium Removal Technology

Gross Alpha, Beta Particle & Photon Emiters MCLs Gross alpha - 15 pCi/L (including Ra 226) Beta particle & photon emitters - 4 mrem/year

Gross alpha Reverse osmosis Beta particle & Ion Exchange photon emitters Reverse Osmosis Gross Alpha, Beta Particle & Photon Emiters BAT

SUMMARY Radon, radium & uranium are naturally occurring contaminants usually occurring in ground water.

SUMMARY - RADON Aeration and GAC are effective treatment technologies for radon. Of the two technologies, only aeration will be listed as a BAT and likely be the technology of choice in almost all cases. GAC will likely be considered for only very small systems and for POU/POE.

SUMMARY - RADIUM All technologies effective for hardness removal are generally effective for radium removal. Cation exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are the technologies currently being applied for radium removal.

SUMMARY - URANIUM Most conventional technologies have some capability for uranium removal. Anion exchange has been successfully applied for uranium removal from small ground water systems.

Tom Sorg USEPA Cincinnati, OH