Seen and Heard Involving Children in Dependency Court Andrea Khoury ABA Center on Children and the Law Amy LaMere Attorney Guardian Ad Litem

Outline of Presentation Youth’s perspective Youth’s perspective Benefits when youth participate Benefits when youth participate Policy and Practice considerations Policy and Practice considerations Preparation/Debrief for youth Preparation/Debrief for youth Tips for involving youth in court proceedings Tips for involving youth in court proceedings Systemic changes to increase youth participation in court Systemic changes to increase youth participation in court

What youth say about the courts and legal representation They like it… They like it… When they can write letters to the judge and feel like their views are heard by the judge. When they can write letters to the judge and feel like their views are heard by the judge. When they go to court and the judge asks them how they are, how things are going, what they need, and if there is anything they want to say When they go to court and the judge asks them how they are, how things are going, what they need, and if there is anything they want to say When they go to FCRB or CRB reviews and have their opinions solicited and considered. When they go to FCRB or CRB reviews and have their opinions solicited and considered. When there is a GAL to represent them in court so that they don’t have to go (but only when they feel comfortable with their GAL) When there is a GAL to represent them in court so that they don’t have to go (but only when they feel comfortable with their GAL) When they have a supportive GAL who takes time to know them and tries to help them When they have a supportive GAL who takes time to know them and tries to help them

What youth say about the courts and legal representation They don’t like it… They don’t like it… When they are not notified about court hearings When they are not notified about court hearings When they rarely see or talk to their GAL except just before a court hearing When they rarely see or talk to their GAL except just before a court hearing When they are told by caseworkers that they shouldn’t go to court. When they are told by caseworkers that they shouldn’t go to court. When they attend a court hearing, but then are not allowed inside the courtroom. When they attend a court hearing, but then are not allowed inside the courtroom. When they attend a court hearing, but the judge does not ask them any questions and sometimes does not talk to them at all When they attend a court hearing, but the judge does not ask them any questions and sometimes does not talk to them at all When they are not given information about how to prepare for a court hearing, what they can say and what to do. When they are not given information about how to prepare for a court hearing, what they can say and what to do. When they can’t find out what happened in court if they did not attend When they can’t find out what happened in court if they did not attend When they feel powerless over what happens to them and feel that those decisions are made by people who don’t know them at all, including the judge, caseworker, and GAL When they feel powerless over what happens to them and feel that those decisions are made by people who don’t know them at all, including the judge, caseworker, and GAL

Florida Judicial Retreats Tallahassee, Jacksonville, Tampa, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale (Oct 28 – Nov 6) Tallahassee, Jacksonville, Tampa, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale (Oct 28 – Nov 6) Agenda: Connected by 25 Youth Panel, Child Psychologist, Early Intervention Specialist/Psychologist, ABA Bar-Youth Empowerment Project Agenda: Connected by 25 Youth Panel, Child Psychologist, Early Intervention Specialist/Psychologist, ABA Bar-Youth Empowerment Project Practical Discussion: Practical Discussion: Notice Letters (Children’s Legal Services) Notice Letters (Children’s Legal Services) Transportation (Agency, Caretaker) Transportation (Agency, Caretaker) School (Teleconferences - Miami/West Palm) School (Teleconferences - Miami/West Palm) Docketing (IL Court, Time Certain or Block) Docketing (IL Court, Time Certain or Block) Tools: Benchcards, Video for Youth, Youth Booklet, Coloring Book Tools: Benchcards, Video for Youth, Youth Booklet, Coloring Book Next Steps: Agency Training, Continued CIP Focus Next Steps: Agency Training, Continued CIP Focus

Child and Family Service Improvement Act of 2006 Procedural safeguards to be applied to assure than in any permanency hearing held with respect to the child, including any hearing regarding the transition of the child from foster care to independent living, the court or administrative body conducting the hearing consults, in an age appropriate manner, with the child regarding the proposed permanency or transition plan for the child

Does “consult” mean child has to be present in court? Feds are saying no – “We do not interpret the term “consult” to require a court representative to pose a literal question to a child or require the physical presence of the child at a permanency plan (service plan review hearing). However, the child’s views…must be obtained by the court for consideration during the hearing.” Feds are saying no – “We do not interpret the term “consult” to require a court representative to pose a literal question to a child or require the physical presence of the child at a permanency plan (service plan review hearing). However, the child’s views…must be obtained by the court for consideration during the hearing.”

Florida Rule 8.255(b) The child has a right to be present at the hearing unless the court finds that the child's mental or physical condition or age is such that a court appearance is not in the best interest of the child. Any party may file a motion to require or excuse the presence of the child. Rule 8.255(b) The child has a right to be present at the hearing unless the court finds that the child's mental or physical condition or age is such that a court appearance is not in the best interest of the child. Any party may file a motion to require or excuse the presence of the child.

Benefits when youth participate… Sense of control Sense of control Understanding the process Understanding the process Information for the court Information for the court Empowerment/Participation Empowerment/Participation Engage youth in problem solving at all levels – including court Engage youth in problem solving at all levels – including court Youth’s opinion differs from the GAL Youth’s opinion differs from the GAL

Concerns Participating in court proceedings will upset youth Participating in court proceedings will upset youth Attending court will disrupt the youth’s schedule Attending court will disrupt the youth’s schedule Transportation Transportation Youth doesn’t want to or can’t see the parent Youth doesn’t want to or can’t see the parent The court hearing will not be meaningful for the youth The court hearing will not be meaningful for the youth Youth’s wishes are not court ordered Youth’s wishes are not court ordered The youth does not want to attend court proceedings The youth does not want to attend court proceedings

Policy and Practice Considerations What are youth’s wishes? What are youth’s wishes? How old is the youth? How old is the youth? What is the developmental level of the youth? What is the developmental level of the youth? Will attending court upset the youth? Will attending court upset the youth?

Policy and Practice Considerations Will attending court disrupt the youth’s routine? Will attending court disrupt the youth’s routine? Will court be confusing or boring to the youth? Will court be confusing or boring to the youth? Who will transport the youth? Who will transport the youth? Will the court need additional time for the hearings? Will the court need additional time for the hearings? What type of hearing is scheduled? What type of hearing is scheduled?

Tips for involving youth in court proceedings Have the youth present throughout the hearing Have the youth present throughout the hearing Present the youth’s testimony in chambers Present the youth’s testimony in chambers Arrange in advance visit to the courthouse Arrange in advance visit to the courthouse Have the youth wait in a waiting area for the hearing Have the youth wait in a waiting area for the hearing Exclude the youth from court during harmful testimony Exclude the youth from court during harmful testimony Present the child’s hearsay statements Present the child’s hearsay statements Allow a support person to accompany child Allow a support person to accompany child

GAL prepares the child Provide the youth with at least 2 weeks notice of the hearing. Provide the youth with at least 2 weeks notice of the hearing. Let the youth know that he may have to wait for a couple of hours and to bring school work or other things to occupy his time. Let the youth know that he may have to wait for a couple of hours and to bring school work or other things to occupy his time. Discuss who will be present at the hearing and what their roles are. Discuss who will be present at the hearing and what their roles are. Determine whether the youth wants a supportive person present during the hearing. Determine whether the youth wants a supportive person present during the hearing. Explain your role as guardian ad litem and that you have to advocate for the youth’s best interests. Explain your role as guardian ad litem and that you have to advocate for the youth’s best interests. Let the youth know what is in the GAL’s report to the court. Let the youth know what is in the GAL’s report to the court. Tell the youth that you will tell the judge what she wants. Tell the youth that you will tell the judge what she wants. Discuss what is expected to happen. Discuss what is expected to happen. Let the youth read the child welfare agency’s report to the court (or tell the youth the pertinent portions) and find out whether the youth has any responses. Let the youth read the child welfare agency’s report to the court (or tell the youth the pertinent portions) and find out whether the youth has any responses. Find out what the youth wants to the judge to know. Find out what the youth wants to the judge to know. If the youth’s position is different that yours, request alternative counsel be appointed. If the youth’s position is different that yours, request alternative counsel be appointed.

Determine how and whether the youth wants to speak with the judge directly (i.e. during the court proceeding with parties present or in chambers (if possible)). Determine how and whether the youth wants to speak with the judge directly (i.e. during the court proceeding with parties present or in chambers (if possible)). Include in the report to court whether the youth will attend the hearing and any accommodations that should be made. Include in the report to court whether the youth will attend the hearing and any accommodations that should be made. Respond to the youth’s questions about the hearing. Respond to the youth’s questions about the hearing. Decide whether the youth should attend the entire hearing or be excused for certain portions. Decide whether the youth should attend the entire hearing or be excused for certain portions. Decide with the youth whether he should speak directly to the judge during the hearing and discuss what he will say. Decide with the youth whether he should speak directly to the judge during the hearing and discuss what he will say. Ensure arrangements are made to bring the youth to the hearing. Ensure arrangements are made to bring the youth to the hearing.

Child Representative’s role when a youth comes to court If applicable, as a preliminary matter, inform the court that the youth should be excused for certain portions of the hearing and explain why. If applicable, as a preliminary matter, inform the court that the youth should be excused for certain portions of the hearing and explain why. Allow the youth to speak to the judge Allow the youth to speak to the judge If the youth doesn’t want to, be prepared to tell the judge what the youth wants him to know. If the youth doesn’t want to, be prepared to tell the judge what the youth wants him to know. Advocate for best interests. Advocate for best interests. Tell the judge what your client would like to happen. Tell the judge what your client would like to happen. Ask the judge to explain her ruling so your client understands why the judge ruled in a certain way. Ask the judge to explain her ruling so your client understands why the judge ruled in a certain way. Ask the judge to accommodate the child’s schedule when setting the next court hearing Ask the judge to accommodate the child’s schedule when setting the next court hearing

Debrief the Youth Spend time with the youth after the hearing to talk about what happened during the hearing. Spend time with the youth after the hearing to talk about what happened during the hearing. Allow the youth to ask questions. Allow the youth to ask questions. Ensure the youth understands what happened, when the next court hearing is, and what is going to happen between now and then. Ensure the youth understands what happened, when the next court hearing is, and what is going to happen between now and then. Review the court order with the youth. If the order isn’t available immediately after the hearing, make arrangements to contact the youth at a later time to review the order. Review the court order with the youth. If the order isn’t available immediately after the hearing, make arrangements to contact the youth at a later time to review the order. Ensure that the youth understands that she can contact you to discuss the hearing if additional questions arise. Ensure that the youth understands that she can contact you to discuss the hearing if additional questions arise. Contact the caregiver after the hearing to inform them of anything that happened during the hearing that may have impacted the youth. Contact the caregiver after the hearing to inform them of anything that happened during the hearing that may have impacted the youth. Contact the youth’s therapist to provide information that might be relevant to the youth’s treatment. Contact the youth’s therapist to provide information that might be relevant to the youth’s treatment.

Systemic Changes to increase youth participation in court Statute and court rules Statute and court rules Court administrative policies Court administrative policies Youth’s representative practices Youth’s representative practices Accommodations for youth in court Accommodations for youth in court Agency policy Agency policy Court orders Court orders School accommodations School accommodations Education for youth Education for youth

What we’re telling the youth… You have the right to: You have the right to: Attend all hearings where case is reviewed Attend all hearings where case is reviewed Meet with lawyer before hearings Meet with lawyer before hearings Tell your lawyer where you want to live and what services you think you need to meet your goals Tell your lawyer where you want to live and what services you think you need to meet your goals Have your lawyer do what is needed to help you get an appropriate placement and make sure your needs are met Have your lawyer do what is needed to help you get an appropriate placement and make sure your needs are met Have your lawyer call witnesses to testify for you or present evidence to the court Have your lawyer call witnesses to testify for you or present evidence to the court

Have your lawyer cross examine witnesses Have your lawyer cross examine witnesses Tell the judge what you think about your placement and any needs that you have Tell the judge what you think about your placement and any needs that you have Have a judge determine if your needs are being met, if you are in an appropriate placement, and if you are receiving all the services you need to meet your goals Have a judge determine if your needs are being met, if you are in an appropriate placement, and if you are receiving all the services you need to meet your goals Have information shared in court be kept confidential and discussed only with people who need to know about it to provide you with care and service Have information shared in court be kept confidential and discussed only with people who need to know about it to provide you with care and service Ask the judge to appoint another lawyer for you if you do not think your lawyer is representing your interests and wishes or doing their job Ask the judge to appoint another lawyer for you if you do not think your lawyer is representing your interests and wishes or doing their job

Andrea Khoury ABA Center on Children and the Law