Boost Student Comprehension in Any Content Area: The Framing Routine Kara Krohn Education Program Consultant Iowa Department of Education Bureau of Teaching and Learning Services kara.krohn@iowa.gov

A women with multiple roles who enjoys life to the fullest. The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Kara Krohn A women with multiple roles who enjoys life to the fullest. A wife A mother An educator daughter, Marah husband, Barry taught for 16 years married on the beach in St. Lucia 2 step children, Jessica and Spencer Trainer at Heartland AEA golf family dinners once a month Drake adjunct professor Consultant, IA DE ride Harleys Kara Krohn is busy women who balances her many roles with fun activities which often include her family.

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I hope it is during an in-service, When I die, I hope it is during an in-service, the transition would be so subtle.

What will be covered today? What challenges do teachers and students face today? What is the Center for Research on Learning (CRL)? What is the Strategic Instruction Model (SIM)? What is the Framing Routine? Why would the Frame be beneficial for my students? What does a Frame look like in action? How can I make a Frame for my content?

The challenges our students face:

The challenges our students face: Cultural differences Economic issues Information Age Learning challenges Variety of text structures Find information quickly Perform on a variety of tests Study skills for all of it

Expectations of Students Read and analyze large amounts of information Listen to lectures and take notes Actively participate in discussions Complete a variety of types of assignments Express themselves in writing on assignments and tests Memorize and store information for tests Take a variety of types of tests

Information Explosion/ Instructional Time Dilemma Content Time 1960 1980 2000

How Times Have Changed From 1900 to 1910, we added  nutrition  immunization, and  health to the list of school responsibilities.

There’s More From 1920 to 1940, we added  vocational education  the practical arts  business education  speech and drama  half day kindergarten  Phys. Ed. Including organized athletics, and  school lunch programs

And More… In the 1960’s, we added  Advanced Placement programs  consumer education  career education  peace education  leisure education, and  recreation education

And more… In the 1980’s, the floodgates open, and we add  keyboarding and computer education  global education  ethnic education  multicultural/ non-sexist education  English-as-a-second-language, and bilingual education  early childhood education  Jump Start, Early Start, Even Start, and Prime Start  full day kindergarten  pre-school programs for children at-risk  after school programs for children of working parents  alternative education in all its forms  stranger/danger education  anti-smoking education  sexual abuse prevention education  health and psychological services are expanded, and  child abuse monitoring becomes a legal requirement for all teachers

And more… And finally, in the 1990’s, we have added  HIV/AIDS education  death education  expanded computer and Internet education  inclusion  Tech Prep and School to work programs  gang education (in urban centers)  bus safety education  bicycle safety education  gun safety education And in most states we have not added a single minute to the school calendar in five decades!

The ________ Factor The single most important aspect of the success or failure in student achievement is the ________in that classroom. More than any other factor, it was found that the _______ can and will make the ultimate difference. (Pressley, Snow, Allington, 2001)

Content vs. Understanding "If it weren't for students impeding our progress in our race to the end of the term, we could certainly be sure of covering the material. The question, however, is not whether we as teachers can get to the end of the text or the end of the term, but whether our students are with us on that journey." Pat Cross, Director Classroom Research Project University of California, Berkley

Stop and Think… What is one thing that has resonated with you so far about the challenges and expectations of teachers and/or students in today’s world? Share with a partner.

The Center for Research on Learning Founded in 1978 Mission: Dramatically improve the performance of at-risk adolescents through research-based interventions International training network $100+million in contracted R & D

The Big Picture (SIM)

Rigorous Standards Certified trainers only Appealing for teachers Valuable to students Powerful for low achievers Significant gains Transfers to other settings

Student Improvement: Content Enhancement Routines

What is the Framing Routine? A visual device that: Helps students learn, understand and recall key information and associate essential details Helps student focus on the relationships between main ideas and details Helps students summarize what’s important Can be used to take notes about a key topic

How is the FRAME different than a web?

Titanic lessons from a disaster © 2004 Edwin Ellis Lesson: Don’t believe it because somebody said it Newspaper article:” Titanic largest and fastest, so it’s probably unsinkable” Fewer lifeboats = more attractive ship = more people buying tickets Used cheaper steel (thin & brittle, 1 hull) so ship would not cost as much Owners liked “unsinkable” idea, so they encouraged people to believe it Fastest ship = more tickets sold = taking great risks in ice burg zone When a myth is treated as a truth, people fool selves Putting profit over safety = great loss of life Lesson: Safety always produces greatest profit in the long run Builders began to believe the myth; took short-cuts Titanic lessons from a disaster how a great ship sinking led to important lessons that changed . Are wealthy people more valuable? society Rich were given priority over poor for spaces on lifeboats Lesson: All human life is equally valuable, regardless of wealth Cabins closest to deck = most expensive = rich reach lifeboats 1st Many of the poorer people were locked below so they couldn’t escape A great disaster can cause society to examine its values and practices so improvements can be made to save future lives

Which would you rather have? © 2004 Edwin Ellis So what? What is important to understand about this? Titanic lessons from a disaster is about … how a great ship sinking led to important lessons that changed society When a myth is treated as a truth, people fool selves Putting profit over safety = great loss of life Are wealthy people more valuable? Newspaper article:” Titanic largest and fastest, so it’s probably unsinkable” Used cheaper steel (thin & brittle, 1 hull) so ship would not cost as much Cabins closest to deck = most expensive = rich reach lifeboats 1st Owners liked “unsinkable” idea, so they encouraged people to believe it Fewer lifeboats = more attractive ship = more people buying tickets Rich were given priority over poor for spaces on lifeboats Which would you rather have? Fastest ship = more tickets sold = taking great risks in ice burg zone Many of the poorer people were locked below so they couldn’t escape Builders began to believe the myth; took short-cuts Lesson: Safety always produces greatest profit in the long run Lesson: All human life is equally valuable, regardless of wealth Lesson: Don’t believe it because somebody said it A great disaster can cause society to examine its values and practices so improvements can be made to save future lives

© 2004 Edwin Ellis 8

America’s involvement in world affairs © 2004 Edwin Ellis So what? What is important to understand about this? is about … America’s involvement in world affairs Protecting American Neutrality Road to War War of 1812 Expansion of sea trade with other nations War hawks promote nationalism War hawks desire to control Canada American ships attacked by France & Great Britain Native Americans relations worsen as settlers move westward British burn Washington, D.C. Embargo Act Battle of Tippecanoe Andrew Jackson’s Victory in New Orleans Non-intercourse Act War declared against Great Britain Treaty of Ghent

© 2004 Edwin Ellis So what? What is important to understand about this? Foreign policy is about … America’s involvement in world affairs Protecting American Neutrality Road to War War of 1812 Expansion of sea trade with other nations War hawks promote nationalism War hawks desire to control Canada American ships attacked by France & Great Britain Native Americans relations worsen as settlers move westward British burn Washington, D.C. Andrew Jackson’s Victory in New Orleans Embargo Act Battle of Tippecanoe Treaty of Ghent Non-intercourse Act War declared against Great Britain First time the US truly started acting like an independent country that refused to be abused by other countries.

Supporting Research Researched intended for intermediate and secondary classes Teachers can learn the routine easily Student learning gains were observed by teachers and researchers. Students’ writing fluency increased dramatically. Students wrote on average 96 more words on post-test writing tasks; ideation significantly more coherent; mechanical errors reduced significantly.

Supporting Research Results were achieved when teachers: received 2-3 hours of instruction discussed the routine with colleagues spent the necessary time to plan and use it taught students how to use the routine used the routine regularly over time

The FRAME Routine Essential details Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details

Linking Steps Focus on the topic Reveal the main ideas Analyze the details Make a “so what” statement Extend understanding

A women with multiple roles who enjoys life to the fullest. The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Kara Krohn A women with multiple roles who enjoys life to the fullest. A wife a mother an educator husband, Barry Married on beach, St.Lucia Golf Ride Harleys daughter, Marah 2 step children, Jessica & Spencer Family dinners 1X a month taught for 16 years PD @ Heartland AEA Drake adjunct professor Consultant, IA DE Kara Krohn is busy women who balances her many roles with fun activities which often include her family.

Our turn (We do) Read the article entitled Sleep. When you are finished please look at me. We will then co-construct a frame.

The FRAME Routine people need good sleep to be healthy Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health. Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details

Focus on the topic: The name of the key topic being studied. Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair amount types The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Focus on the topic: The name of the key topic being studied.

Focus on the topic: “IS ABOUT” STATEMENT A brief explanation of what Sleep Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Focus on the topic: “IS ABOUT” STATEMENT A brief explanation of what the key topic is about.

Non-rapid eye movement Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Reveal the main ideas: The main ideas behind the key topic. -subtopics -brief phrases of the key topic -items that are sequentially related

people need good sleep to be healthy The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Analyze the details: Details that are essential for students to know and remember about each main idea.

Make a “So What?” statement: Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details A statement designed to help students connect what is really critical to understand about the unit of study. Make a “So What?” statement:

Extend understanding: Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Teacher facilitates the evaluation of the new information with the students and intentionally guides students to connect all the pieces of information in the Frame. Extend understanding:

EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: people need good sleep to be healthy Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health. Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: How does the AMOUNT of sleep a person gets effect the TYPES of sleep attained each night?

EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: Which of these factors people need good sleep to be healthy Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health. Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: Which of these factors has the greatest impact on students? family members? businesses? Rank order them in terms of MOST-to-LEAST impact

EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: Write an article for the people need good sleep to be healthy Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health. Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details EXAMPLE- EXTEND UNDERSTANDING: Write an article for the school newspaper that explains how good sleep can increase a student’s academic and extra-curricular performance levels.

Remember… The Frame Routine helps students… develop a more thorough understanding of important information associated with key topics and main ideas. learn the information because it is a concrete representation of abstract ideas. to focus on the relationships between main ideas and details as well as among several main ideas. become strategic learners, capable of creatively and effectively processing information.

To be successful… The Frame Routine must be… explicitly introduced to students used regularly adapted to meet unique needs integrated over time with other routines an interactive device all students can construct designed for students to use independently

FRAMING ROUTINE Get Ready! Get Set! Go! Win!

GET READY! Choosing when to use the routine: Typically used to understand a considerable body of content that has particular significance within the unit of study Any time students need to understand the organization or structure of information and the relationships between those pieces of information

Collect ideas and materials… Think about a topic/concept you teach… Jot down the key/main ideas Add the essential details needed Consider ideas for extending student learning

Construct a Draft Design or find a frame that best fits your information www.graphicorganizers.com

Your turn- You do Alone or with a partner(s) Select a topic or content area to develop a frame on Possible ideas: Your building, Reality TV shows, beer, sports, one about you …

Focus on the topic - Significant event or time period Sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Focus on the topic - Significant event or time period - A famous person -Key, important large idea

Add the “Is about …” statement Sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details why people need good sleep to be healthy. Add the “Is about …” statement Provides a brief explanation or paraphrase of the overall topic Captures the gist of the whole lesson Should be in easily understood language

Reveal the “Main ideas” Sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details why people need good sleep to be healthy. effects of lack of sleep amount type Reveal the “Main ideas” -Components of an idea -Reasons why things happen -Significance of a famous person -Important ages, stages, phrases -Characteristics of a process Ask yourself: “A year from now, if my students only remember (three) things about this topic, what should they be?

Analyze the “Essential Details” effects of amount type lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details people need good sleep to be healthy. effects of lack of sleep amount type Analyze the “Essential Details” Should be the information that is absolutely necessary to know in order to understand the main idea Does not include trivia! Helps students focus on what is important to remember

Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts. Henry Adams

Essential details: List on Frame and test Queen of Spain financed trip in order to spread Christian gospel Columbus was Italian, but couldn’t get Italy to finance trip Martin Pizon, captain and owner of Pinta, tried to beat Columbus back to Spain & claim credit Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria (Santa Maria sank) Columbus discovers the New World Main idea Essential details Essential detail Clarifying detail Cultural expected trivia Specialized or esoteric trivia Essential details: List on Frame and test Clarifying details: Don’t list/don’t test Cultural trivia: List on Frame and test Esoteric trivia: Don’t list/don’t test

Make a “So what?’ statement May be an overall summary people need good sleep to be healthy Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details May be an overall summary May connect the topic to a real-world context or to a problem to be understood or solved May identify applications or implications of the topic Make a “So what?’ statement Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health.

Extend understanding of the information!! The FRAME Routine Sleep people need good sleep to be healthy Getting 8 hours of good sleep with both NREM & REM each night is necessary for our physical and mental health. Sleep Most need 8 hours Most get 7 hours 1/3 of Americans Get 6 hours Non-rapid eye movement Body growth/repair Rapid eye movement Restores brain Need both kinds to Be healthy NREM = most time 75% REM = 25% time Puts people at risk (you and others) Less alert, tired - Accidents-car, space shuttle Valdez, Chernobyl Loss of $ due to illness And accidents in workplace Illness - colds, flu amount types Effects of lack of sleep The FRAME Routine Key Topic Main idea is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Extend understanding of the information!!

Extend Understanding Prioritize main ideas and/or details and discuss Most/least important to understanding Most/least impact on people/event Most/least controversial Most/least understood Most/least surprising

Extend Understanding… Speculate what might have happened if… Changed the sequence of events Never happened Could change one thing

Extend Understanding… Forecast, predict, or anticipate What happened next How did people react to it

Extend Understanding… Connect to other main ideas What do the main ideas have in common with each other? How are they related to previous ideas? How are they related to past experiences? How will this impact your life?

GET SET!! Introduce the Frame Routine to your students for the first time: Set expectations for students Model Co-construct

GO!! Making the Frame Routine a regular part of your instruction Expect it to be used correctly and completely Vary the use of the routine Slowly release responsibility to students Always facilitate the “extend understanding” step Regularly evaluate/reflect on effectiveness

WIN!! The teachers who make the biggest difference in education today are those who are committed to a process of continual professional growth and development. The challenges of the teaching profession are enormous.The key to addressing them, in large measure, is in the hands of teachers who are willing to try new ways of teaching and reaching students. (Edwin Ellis)

Teachers win… Improved student learning of content ideas Efficient manipulation of information Organized and purposeful lessons System of collegial support Confidence as routine becomes effective Increased rigor and relevance of curriculum

Students win… Confidence in learning power Improved grades Relevance/value in learning concepts Critical thinking skills improve Efficient manipulation of information

Beware of the pitfalls Frames don’t have to be prepared before class. Students don’t need to be involved in construction. Students will automatically see the advantages of using a Frame. If I don’t get it right the first time, I won’t ever get it.

Vary the routine Brainstorm activity “KEW” routine Anticipation guide Fill-in-the-blanks Framing themes Post-instruction construction Guess what?

The Framing Routine is about… Key Topic Key Topic The Framing Routine is about… a two dimensional graphic organizer that allows the teacher to display important info related to a targeted key topic. Main idea Focus on the Topic Main idea Main idea Reveal Main Ideas Main idea Main idea Main idea Analyze Details Main idea Main idea Main idea Main idea Make a “So What” Statement Main idea Extend Understanding Main idea Essential details Essential details Essential details Essential details Essential details Name the topic/explain it Intro main idea Generate a “So What” Facilitate eval of new info Specify/discuss essential details Examine how topic is related to unit Activate prior knowledge Overview of how ideas are related Discuss non-essentials May rank importance by #’s Provide rationale for learning Students reflect on connections So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) The Framing Routine helps teachers visually organize important information for and with students.

Thank you!!! ???