Child poverty/outcome determinants and feedback loops in the Global Study Gaspar Fajth, UNICEF DPP

Where do risks come from for children? Backgrounds (Context) Time (change)

Where do risks come from for children? Backgrounds (Context) Time (change) The Global Study on Child Poverty is an attempt to create a shared FRAME (core tabulations) for systematically mapping these risk factors for children through looking at OUTCOMES, DETERMINANTS – as well as POLICY to stimulate debate, creative thinking, solutions, info exchanges

The three-part approach to multidimensional poverty and disparity A. Geographic dimension B. Household dimension C. Individual dimension

The three-part approach to multidimensional poverty and disparity A. Geographic dimension B. Household dimension C. Individual dimension Time Children not living in hholds

A. Geographic dimension (determinant) (Country) Region Residence

B. Household dimension (determinants) Household size (members) Education of the head of the household (none, primary, second+) Gender of the head of the household Wealth index quintiles Ethnicity/language/religion Work Illness and disability in the household Family vulnerability Access to social security and security of tenure

Household dimensions (determinants) in details Household size Less than members 5-6 members 7+ Womens education None Primary Secondary+ Gender of the head of the household Male Female Wealth index quintiles Q1 (poorest) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Ethnicity/language/religion Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Work (among hholds with children) Both parents working None of the parents are working No adult in primary working age (18-54) At least one child under 15 working Illness and disability in the household Adult(s) with chronic illness Child/children with disability Family vulnerability (not mutually exclusive categories) Single parent Orphan child in household High dependency ratio (4+children per adult) Elder (70+) person in household

B. Household dimension – outcome (feedback into/determinant of child outcomes) Household income poverty Deprivation of materials goods and services (household /community indicators of the seven Bristol) EXAMPLE: Table Trends in income/consumption poverty since 1990 Country 1990 or similar 1995 or similar 2000 or similar 2005 or most recent Poverty headcount among households with children (0-17) - by national poverty line - by international poverty line

C. Individual dimension (determinants) Gender Age

C. Individual dimension (outcome) Deprivation of materials goods and services (3 individual indicators out of the seven Bristol) –Nutrition deprived –Health deprived –Education deprived Five main outcome areas (1-5)

Five outcome areas and 20 indicators proposed 1) Nutrition: Child nutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight) and its correlates 2) Health: Young child health (diorrhoea, ORT, fever, pneumonia treatment) and correlates Adolescent health (HIV knowledge, counseling coverage on MCT) and correlates 3) Child protection: Birth registration and its correlates Orphanhood, vulnerability and its correlates Child labour (total, paid) and its correlates Early marriage (before 15 and 18) and its correlates 4) Education: Net primary school attendance and correlates 5) Social Protection/income: Social protection (women covered by health insurance, children receiving free medical supplies, any other data on social protection benefit coverage) and correlates

What is social policy? State intervention that directly affects social welfare, social institutions and social relations Two main types: – residual poverty relief, safety net – developmental, transformative promote intrinsic values such as social protection, gender equality, social cohesion and citizenship Two main ways: – implicit, i.e. embedded in economic policy growth, inflation/exchange rate, employment, stability, anti-cyclical policy, rural development, land reform tax and labour market policy – explicit, i.e. basic social services and social protection education, health, water and sanitation social protection –direct government provision of social welfare –regulation, incentives for private sector providers