Canadian & World Issues Courtesy of C. Marlatt Geopolitics

“A Key Study in Geography”  Politics: The practice of decision-making by society as a whole, usually formalized at the government level.  Political topics concerned with Geography:  Trade  military alliances  foreign aid  Immigration / emigration  territorial control  economic systems  areas of land suitable to support society and distribution of wealth

“A Key Study in Geography” Examples of how Politics and Geography are related: –Geographical factors can cause political changes e.g. When Switzerland restricts immigration because it, as a nation, already has a high enough population. –Political factors can cause Geographical changes e.g. An increase in oil prices has led to an expanded search for oil in the Arctic and North sea, thus causing Geographical changes.

“A Key Study in Geography” Geopolitics: The study of the two-way relationship between political beliefs and actions on one side and any of the usual concerns of geography on the other.

Classification of Political Systems Supranational Political Systems National Political Systems Other Ways of Classifying Governments: –Governments by Mode of Succession –Governments by Type of Rule –Governments by Structure –Levels of Government –Branches of Government

Supranational Political Systems Empires e.g. British, Roman, and Ottoman a major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority

Supranational Political Systems Leagues e.g. Baltic, Arab; also League of Nations an association of nations or other political entities for a common purpose

Supranational Political Systems Confederations e.g. European Union is a large state composed of many self-governing regions has a very weak central government with little influence over the actions or policies of the member regions

Supranational Political Systems Federations e.g. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formed by a compact between political units that surrender their individual sovereignty to a central authority but retain limited residuary powers of government

Supranational Political Systems United Nations voluntary association of most of the world's nation-states not a world government and it does not make laws

National Political Systems Unitary Nation-States e.g. Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Japan, Poland, Romania, the Scandinavian countries, Spain, and many of the Latin-American and African countries basically a single tier of government with varying degrees decentralization - some are decentralized so much as to resemble federal states, some allow limited regional rule, others have only token decentralization

National Political Systems Federal Systems e.g. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Russia, and the United States, Austria, Germany, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Switzerland, and Venezuela political authority is divided between two autonomous sets of governments, one national and the other sub-national, both of which operate directly upon the people

World Governments in 1900

World Governments in 1950

World Governments in 2000

World Governments in 2050 ?!?!?

Canada and the European Union

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Croatia Macedonia Turkey

Canada and the European Union

Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Iceland Liechtenstein Moldova Monaco Montenegro Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Switzerland Ukraine Vatican City State Other European Countries (non EU members)

Canada and the European Union CanadaEuropean Union Government Leader The Rt. Hon. Stephen Harper H.E. José Manuel Barroso Government Type Parliamentary Democracy Supranational Union FormationJuly 1, 1867May 9, 1950 Population33 million495 million

Canada and the European Union CanadaEuropean Union Area sq km sq km Divisions 10 provinces, 3 territories 27 countries CapitalOttawa, OntarioBrussels, Belgium Gross Domestic Product $1.1 trillion US$13.4 trillion US

Canada and the European Union EU Council President Rotation –Current Head of Government of country identified assumes additional duties of President of EU for term –2007 Jan-Jun Germany –2007 Jul-Dec Portugal –2008 Jan-Jun Slovenia –2008 Jul-Dec France –2009 Jan-Jun Czech Republic –2009 Jul-Dec Sweden –2010 Jan-Jun Spain –2010 Jul-Dec Belgium

Canada and the European Union –Austria –Belgium –Cyprus –Finland –France –Germany –Greece –Ireland –Italy –Luxembourg –Malta –Netherlands –Portugal –Slovenia –Spain 15 countries use the Euro as their currency:

Canada and the European Union EU Currency (Bills) –Multi-coloured –Archways and Bridges –NOT specific sites (i.e. not country-specific) –€ 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 denominations

Canada and the European Union Canadian Currency (Bills) –Multi-coloured –Prime Ministers (& Queen) and “themes” $5 Laurier Children at Play $10 Macdonald Remembrance and Peackeeping $20 Elizabeth II Arts and Culture $50 King Nation Building $100 Borden Exploration and Innovation

Canada and the European Union EU Coins –Uniform front, national back –All coins are valid in all countries –1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cent pieces plus €1 and €2 coins

Canada and the European Union Canadian Coins –Maple leaf, beaver, bluenose, moose, coat of arms, loonie, and polar bear are regular images on front, Queen on back –1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cent coins plus $1 and $2 coins

Sharing Spaces Nile River Basin

Sharing Spaces Antarctica

Sharing Spaces The Arctic

Sharing Spaces Grand Banks of Newfoundland

Sharing Spaces Indian Ocean