AGRUPAMENTO de ESCOLAS DE LAMAÇÃES – BRAGA GRU meeting in Palermo - Italy December 2012 WORK, FAMILY and GENDER - from research to policies -

About 50 national and international projects since 1980 A large number of researchers Family study groups:  Families from working classes  Families with enterprise jobs  Families from urban middle class  Rural families More recently: The reconstrution of the family model

How to bring Family and Work together From research … …to policies.

Several approaches dealing with… A. Research with focus on families and its members Analizes their practices, representations and strategies to articulate their professional life and family life. B. Research with focus on how to organize work Analizes social relationships and the way they promote or restrain the relation work-family C. Comparative studies between several countries and its family, organizational and national contexts Analize differences and similarities in practice and policies concerning work -family

Work and Family … several methods to get and analize info -extensive and intensive methodologies -documents and statistics - Questionnaire - Semi-directive interview - Biographical interview

Work and Family in the transition for adult life Young europeans and their future work and family life - some results Uncertainty and job precarity delay the constituion of their own family Boys and Girls have the same rights; but not the same conditions concerning jobs and fatherhood/motherhood They value jobs with flexibility to manage time Atittude towards job and family depends on social background, level of education and nationality Adolescents combine different representations taken from their parents’ models (more traditional or modern ones), present in every focus country.

Biographical lines

Work-family in the organizations I.Gender, parenthood and the changing european workplace II. Quality of work in a changing Europe

Work-family in the organizations Some results Careers for women are self conditioned and hetero- conditioned by family responsabilities Women with low professional qualifications give major priority to their family Higher professional qualifications ≠ organizational models for baby caring/sitting and professional household facilities

Work-Family and proximity services I. Employment, family and community activities – a new balance for women and men II. Employment in household task (Dublin Foundation)

Work-Family and proximity services Some results Domestic and personal services increased in the past years Female activity (27% Women – 5% Men) Low salaries, low qualifications and little social value Well developed and organized services in the UK (a contrast with PT)

Work-Family and the use of time I. A new organisation of time througout working life Objective: - Learn different ways of using time by men and women in several countries througout their professional life II. Questionaire about time use III. The division of work in the family – Families in Portugal

Work-Family and the use of time Some results I. -Men and Women have similar work organization when young but gradually divergent -Differences between southern and central Europe (motherhood leaves and half-time work) II. Strong differences between W and M in using their time III.

Differences between W and M in the household tasks

Differences between W and M in caring for children

Ways of sharing household tasks (Wall e Guerreiro, A Divisão Familiar do Trabalho, 2005) 4 typical ways: Exclusive women’s work 60% Sharing men/women17% Parcial delegation to her husband10% Family division (w+m+children)13% *mulher c/ empregada ou ascendentes

Work-Family and stress I. Stress in the relation work-family Portugal in a compared perspective - Work-family stress -Family stress at work - Professional stress in the family

Child care facilities and the division of work between W and M Question: where do children stay in PT while mothers go to work? Portugal has the highest rate of working mothers with children aged between in the EU; at the same time there still is a lack of public equipment and facilities to support the 1st and 2nd childhood, having grandparents or neighbours as a helping hand (in Lisbon and other large cities there’s a deficit of this kind of equipments)

Work, family and life course More equipments for children to support families, mean a tendency for equal opportunities both for W and M

-Recent research has proved a specific relationship between welfare state and social capital. -Southern countries have a lower social capital and less help structures. -Northern countries, with a welfare state and a strong social protection, possess stronger and more intense intergenerational help.

Work attachment, by country and sex (percentages) Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB Sweden Finland Denmark France Germany Austria Netherlands Belgium Great Britain Ireland Italy Spain Portugal Greece Czech Rep Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria Romania Turkey All countries The work I do is an important part of my life - Men The work I do is an important part of my life - Women I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - Men I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - Women

New directions of the families in Europe ESS (Round 2), ,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 Norway Switzerland Finland Denmark Iceland United Kingdom France Germany Austria Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Switzerland Ireland Hungary Czech Rep. Poland Slovenia Slovakia Estonia Ukraine Spain Portugal Greece G6 A woman should be prepared to to cut down on paid work for sake of family G7 Men should take as much responsibility as women for home and children G8 Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce G9 Children in home, parents should stay together even if don't get along G10 A person's family should be main priority in life Tottaly Agree Nor agree Nor disagree Disagree Tottaly disagree

How to bring work and other activities together (family, study,…) - Favourite, available and used Working more or less hours if needed Saving up overtime to take as extra time off Carrying over holidays to next year Taking extra paid time off to look after relatives Early retirement Early retirement but with the option of still working part-time Taking extra pay instead of holiday Taking unpaid leave Taking extra paid time off for study Taking a sabbatical, career break Child care facilities at workplace Teleworking ImportantAvailableTaken Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003