HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN AFRICA MINURSO MINURSO

TABLE OF CONTENTS Geography, Climate Economy, Infrastructure Society, people History MINURSO Structure, Organisation Current situation – possible future

GEOGRAPHY - CLIMATE Area km Desert, dry climate Scant vegetation, plain, low mountains Borders 400 km Morocco 42 km Algeria 1560 km Mauritania 110 km shore of Atlantic Ocean

NOUADHIBOU LAAYOUNE MAURITANIA BOUJDOUR DAKHLA TINDOUF MAURITANIA MAROKKÓ BIR MOGHREIN TARFAYA ZOUERAT ATLANTIC OCEAN FORCE HQ ALGERIA SMARA Seguia El Hamra Rio del Oro GEOGRAPHY

ECONOMY One of the poorest region in Africa Economical Centers LAAYOUNE, DAKHLA, SMARA PRODUCTION Limited agriculture No industry Phosphate mining Fishery

INFRASTRUCTURE 4 Center 3 Airport 2 Port 6000 km highway –only 1400 km paved! ( No railway) LAAYOUNE DAKHLA BOUJDOUR

CRUDE OIL PHOSPHATE FISHERY

SOCIETY

ATLANTIC LAAYOUNE DAKHLA SMARA BOUJDOUR TINDOUF POPULATION Laayoune Smara Dakhla Boujdour Nomads Refugees 180,000 50,000 36,000 14,000 10, ,000POPULATION ( Tindouf )

HISTORY I. Spanish Colony ( ) 1965 DEC 14 : First UN resolution (Colony Declaration) 1973 MAY 10 : Formation of Frente Polisario 1974 AUG 21: Spanish referendum plan - Census 1974 DEC 16: Decision of the International Court of Justice (Hague) 1975 NOV 6-9 : „Green March”

HISTORY II. Total:

HISTORY III NOV 14 : Madrid Accord 1976 FEBR 27 : Declaration the establishment of the SADR 1976 ÁPR : Morocco and Mauritania invade the territory 1979 AUG 05 : Peace agreement in Algiers (Polisario and Mauritania) 1980: „Strategy of walls” (BERM) 1991 ÁPR 29 : Establish of MINURSO (SC resolution 690) 1991 SZEPT 05 : Ceasefire

HISTORY IV SZEPT : HOUSTON Agreement 2000 ÁPR : I. BAKER PLAN (FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT) 2002: SETTLEMENT PLAN ( II. BAKER PLAN) 2005: Reduction of MINURSO 2006: „No war, No peace” situation

„BERM”

Berm RESTRICTED ZONE 30 km CURRENT SITUATION RESTRICTED ZONE 25 km MINEFIELD 5 km AREA WITH LIMITED RESTRICTIONS

IMPORTANCE WS NATO and EU interest in Afrika (Mediteran Dialogue, PfP, economic possibility) Terrorizm, radical islam, migration, smuggling Former colonial powers connections and interest (France and Spain) Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria interest in the conflict - ARAB MAGHREB UNION (AMU) Hungarian interest in the area

MINURSO STRUCTURE SRSG OFFICE MILITARY OBSERVERS POLICE UNIT CIVILIAN ADMINISTRATION UNHCR DEPARTMENT OF IDENTIFICATION

MILITARY OBSERVERS Monitor the ceasefire Monitor the confinement of Moroccan and Polisario troops to designated locations (land and air patrols) activities to reduce the risk of landmines and UXOs in Western Sahara (search, marking safe tracks, destroy, Mine awareness training) Oversee the exchange of prisoners of war Take steps with the parties to ensure the release of all Western Saharan political prisoners or detainees! Implement the repatriation programme

ACTIVITY OF MILITARY OBSERVERS DAKHLA OUM DREYGA AWSARD AGWANIT MIJEK SMARA MEHAIRES SMARA TIFARITI BIR LAHLOU MAHBAS TINDOUF LO Area of responsibility: 266,000 Sq Km NS : Sq Km SS : Sq Km NS SS MAURITANIA ALGERIA HEADQUARTER SECTOR HQ+ LO Tindouf CAMPS MAURITANIA LAAYOUNE HQ

CAMP MEHAIRES - NORTH SECTOR

CURRENT SITUATION POSSIBLE FUTURE STATUS QUO – extend MINURSO mandate time to timeSTATUS QUO – extend MINURSO mandate time to time Referendum based on BAKER II. PLAN, Western-Sahara become part of Morocco, reduced AutonomyReferendum based on BAKER II. PLAN, Western-Sahara become part of Morocco, reduced Autonomy INDEPENDENCE? Divide WS (new idea)?INDEPENDENCE? Divide WS (new idea)? High tension (POLISARIO) - open a war - defeatHigh tension (POLISARIO) - open a war - defeat

QUESTIONS?