Introduction 1 Lecture 21 Network Layer (Routing Activity) slides are modified from J. Kurose & K. Ross University of Nevada – Reno Computer Science & Engineering Department Fall 2011 CPE 400 / 600 Computer Communication Networks

DA: Network Layer4-2 Longest prefix matching Prefix Match Link Interface otherwise 3 DA: Examples Which interface?

Network Layer4-3 IP Addressing: introduction r IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface r interface: connection between host/router and physical link m router’s typically have multiple interfaces m host typically has one interface m IP addresses associated with each interface =

Network Layer4-4 Subnets r IP address: m subnet part high order bits m host part low order bits r What’s a subnet ? m device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address m can physically reach each other without intervening router network consisting of 3 subnets subnet

Network Layer4-5 IP addressing: CIDR CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing m subnet portion of address of arbitrary length m address format: a.b.c.d/x where x is # bits in subnet portion of address subnet part host part /23

Network Layer4-6 Hierarchical addressing: route aggregation & more specific routes ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1 “Send me anything with addresses beginning /20” / / /23 Fly-By-Night-ISP Organization 0 Organization 7 Internet Organization 1 ISPs-R-Us “Send me anything with addresses beginning /16 or /23” /23 Organization Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:

Network Layer value in arriving packet’s header routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link Interplay between routing, forwarding

RIP DISTANCE VECTOR ALGORITHM Transport Layer8

Network Layer4-9 Distance Vector Algorithm Bellman-Ford Equation (dynamic programming) Define d x (y) := cost of least-cost path from x to y Then d x (y) = min {c(x,v) + d v (y) } where min is taken over all neighbors v of x v

Network Layer4-10 Bellman-Ford example u y x wv z Clearly, d v (z) = 5, d x (z) = 3, d w (z) = 3 d u (z) = min { c(u,v) + d v (z), c(u,x) + d x (z), c(u,w) + d w (z) } = min {2 + 5, 1 + 3, 5 + 3} = 4 Node that achieves minimum is next hop in shortest path ➜ forwarding table B-F equation says:

Network Layer4-11 Distance Vector Algorithm r D x (y) = estimate of least cost from x to y r Node x knows cost to each neighbor v: c(x,v) r Node x maintains distance vector D x = [D x (y): y є N ] r Node x also maintains its neighbors’ distance vectors m For each neighbor v, x maintains D v = [D v (y): y є N ]

Network Layer4-12 Distance Vector Algorithm Iterative, asynchronous: each local iteration caused by: r local link cost change r DV update message from neighbor Distributed: r each node notifies neighbors only when its DV changes m neighbors then notify their neighbors if necessary wait for (change in local link cost or msg from neighbor) recompute estimates if DV to any dest has changed, notify neighbors Each node:

Network Layer4-13 x y z x y z ∞∞∞ ∞∞∞ from cost to from x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z ∞ ∞ ∞∞∞ cost to x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z from cost to x y z x y z ∞ ∞ ∞ 710 cost to ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ time x z y node x table node y table node z table D x (y) = min{c(x,y) + D y (y), c(x,z) + D z (y)} = min{2+0, 7+1} = 2 D x (z) = min{c(x,y) + D y (z), c(x,z) + D z (z)} = min{2+1, 7+0} = 3

Network Layer4-14 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) r distance metric: # of hops (max = 15 hops) r distance vectors: exchanged among neighbors every 30 sec via Response Message m also called advertisement r each advertisement: list of up to 25 destination subnets within AS D C BA u v w x y z destination hops u 1 v 2 w 2 x 3 y 3 z 2 From router A to subnets:

Network Layer4-15 RIP: Example Destination Network Next Router Num. of hops to dest. wA2 yB2 zB A7 5 x--1 ….…..... Routing/Forwarding table in D w x y z A C D B Dest Next hops w - 1 x - 1 z C 4 …. …... New Advertisement from A to D

OSPF LINK STATE ROUTING ALGORITHM Transport Layer16

Network Layer4-17 A Link-State Routing Algorithm Dijkstra’s algorithm r net topology, link costs known to all nodes m accomplished via “link state broadcast” m all nodes have same info r computes least cost paths from one node (‘source”) to all other nodes m gives forwarding table for that node r iterative: after k iterations, know least cost path to k dest.’s Notation:  c(x,y): link cost from node x to y; = ∞ if not direct neighbors  D(v): current value of cost of path from source to dest. v  p(v): predecessor node along path from source to v  N': set of nodes whose least cost path definitively known

Network Layer4-18 Dijsktra’s Algorithm 1 Initialization: 2 N' = {u} 3 for all nodes v 4 if v adjacent to u 5 then D(v) = c(u,v) 6 else D(v) = ∞ 7 8 Loop 9 find w not in N' such that D(w) is a minimum 10 add w to N' 11 update D(v) for all v adjacent to w and not in N' : 12 D(v) = min( D(v), D(w) + c(w,v) ) 13 /* new cost to v is either old cost to v or known 14 shortest path cost to w plus cost from w to v */ 15 until all nodes in N'

Network Layer4-19 Dijkstra’s algorithm: example Step N'N' u ux uxy uxyv uxyvw uxyvwz D(v),p(v) 2,u D(w),p(w) 5,u 4,x 3,y D(x),p(x) 1,u D(y),p(y) ∞ 2,x D(z),p(z) ∞ ∞ 4,y u y x wv z v x y w z (u,v) (u,x) destination link Resulting forwarding table in u:

Network Layer4-20 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) r “open”: publicly available r uses Link State algorithm m LS packet dissemination m topology map at each node m route computation using Dijkstra’s algorithm r OSPF advertisement carries one entry per neighbor router r advertisements disseminated to entire AS (via flooding) m OSPF messages directly over IP (rather than TCP or UDP)

Network Layer4-21 OSPF “advanced” features (not in RIP) r security: all OSPF messages authenticated m to prevent malicious intrusion r multiple same-cost paths allowed m only one path in RIP r For each link, multiple cost metrics for different TOS m e.g., satellite link cost set “low” for best effort; high for real time r integrated uni- and multicast support: m Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) uses same topology data base as OSPF r hierarchical OSPF in large domains

Network Layer4-22 Hierarchical OSPF

Network Layer4-23 Hierarchical OSPF r two-level hierarchy: local area, backbone m Link-state advertisements only in area m each nodes has detailed area topology only know direction (shortest path) to nets in other areas r area border routers: “summarize” distances to nets in own area, advertise to other Area Border routers r backbone routers: run OSPF routing limited to backbone r boundary routers: connect to other AS’s

BGP HIERARCHICAL ROUTING Transport Layer24

Network Layer4-25 Hierarchical Routing r aggregate routers into regions, “Autonomous Systems” (AS) r routers in same AS run same routing protocol m “intra-AS” routing protocol m routers in different AS can run different intra-AS routing protocol Gateway router r Direct link to router in another AS

Network Layer4-26 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b Intra-AS Routing algorithm Inter-AS Routing algorithm Forwarding table 3c Interconnected ASes r forwarding table configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing algorithm m intra-AS sets entries for internal dests m inter-AS & intra-As sets entries for external dests

Network Layer4-27 Example: Setting forwarding table in router 1d r suppose AS1 learns (via inter-AS protocol) that subnet x reachable via AS3 (gateway 1c) but not via AS2. r inter-AS protocol propagates reachability info to all internal routers. r router 1d determines from intra-AS routing info that its interface I is on the least cost path to 1c. m installs forwarding table entry (x,I) 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c x …

Network Layer4-28 BGP basics r pairs of routers (BGP peers) exchange routing info over semi-permanent TCP connections: BGP sessions m BGP sessions need not correspond to physical links r when AS2 advertises a prefix to AS1: m AS2 promises it will forward datagrams towards that prefix m AS2 can aggregate prefixes in its advertisement 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c eBGP session iBGP session

Network Layer4-29 Distributing reachability info r using eBGP session between 3a and 1c, AS3 sends prefix reachability info to AS1 m 1c can then use iBGP do distribute new prefix info to all routers in AS1 m 1b can then re-advertise new reachability info to AS2 over 1b-to-2a eBGP session r when router learns of new prefix, it creates entry for prefix in its forwarding table 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c eBGP session iBGP session

Network Layer4-30 BGP routing policy r A,B,C are provider networks r X,W,Y are customer (of provider networks) r X is dual-homed: attached to two networks r X does not want to route from B via X to C r A advertises path AW to B r B advertises path BAW to X r B noes not advertise path BAW to C? m B gets no “revenue” since neither W nor C are B’s customers m B wants to force C to route to w via A m B wants to route only to/from its customers! A B C W X Y legend : customer network provider network