CHAPTER 1&2 NOTES KONICHEK

I.Science- The organized study of events in the universe. A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and energy B. Event- a happening along the timline of the universe- obeys Entropy II.Branches of science A. Life sciences- the biological related sciences B. Earth sciences- geology/ meteorology C. Physical sciences- chemistry and physics 1. Chemistry- the study of how matter reacts 2. Physics- The study of the interactions between matter and energy a. Branch of knowledge, which studies the physical world From atoms to the universe

III Character of a physicistIII Character of a physicist A. Inquisitive people- wondering why things do what they are doing.A. Inquisitive people- wondering why things do what they are doing. 1. Make observations then try to find the causes for their observations 1. Make observations then try to find the causes for their observations 2. Observations lead to powerful conclusions through experimentation 2. Observations lead to powerful conclusions through experimentation

Scientific method- the orderly way scientist searches for answers. Scientific method- the orderly way scientist searches for answers. A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a guideline for research A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a guideline for research 1. Observe and state the problem 1. Observe and state the problem 2. Analyze the problem 2. Analyze the problem 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many controls, one variable 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many controls, one variable 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the experiment 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the experiment 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the data 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the data

So math finally has a purpose I. Tool of the physicist is mathematics A. Should be able to do mathematical manipulations of an equation to solve for an unknown. 1. In this class algebra 2 is recommended. 2. College physics requires calculas

II. Metric system- French scientist 1795 A. Based on units of SI-international system of units- these are uniform throughout the world. A, Length. Mass and time are fundamental units 1. Length=meter- defined as the multiple of wavelength of light given off by krypton Mass= kilogram- mass of a platinum- iridium cylinder near Paris 3. Time = second-1967 defined as "radiation emitted by a cesium-133 atom" 2. Derived units-these are combinations of fundamental units (m/s), Kgm/s 2

III. Scientific notation- Based on exponential powers A. Easier to work with. Makes very large or very small numbers manageable 1. The numerical part is expressed as a number between 1 and 10, and that is multiplied by some power of 10 B.Rules for scientific notation 1. The decimal point is after the first figure. 2. Count the number of places the decimal had to move and that is the exponential a. If the decimal moved left the exponent will be positive, if the decimal moved right the exponent is negative

HERE THEY ARE IV. Prefixes used with SI (page 17) A. Based on powers of 10. 1) TETRA ) GIGA ) MEGA ) KILO ) HECT ) DEKA ) BASE ) DECI ) CENTI ) MILLI ) MICRO ) NANO ) PICO

 V. Operations in Scientific notation  A. Adding or subtracting- always makes sure that both of the numbers have the same exponents.  B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers together, then add the exponents  C Dividing- Divide the integers then subtract the bottom exponent from the top.

 VI. Certainties- measurements have a degree of uncertainty- can't be avoided  A. Caused by external circumstances  1. The angle an object is read from- Parallax  a. Parallax is the apparent shift in position from the reference point.

B. Accuracy and precision 1. Precision- the degree of exactness to which the measurement of a quantity can be reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring device 1. Precision- the degree of exactness to which the measurement of a quantity can be reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring device a. Trial 1 = 3.00x10 8 m/s a. Trial 1 = 3.00x10 8 m/s b. Trial 2 =3.02x10 8 m/s b. Trial 2 =3.02x10 8 m/s c. Ave= 3.001x10 8 m/s c. Ave= 3.001x10 8 m/s d. Reported 3.001x m/s d. Reported 3.001x m/s Precision was.001m/s Precision was.001m/s 2. Accuracy- The limit to which the measured value agrees to the standard value. 2. Accuracy- The limit to which the measured value agrees to the standard value.

VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, which are valid for any measurement. VII. Significant digits- the number of digits, which are valid for any measurement. A. Rules for sig figs A. Rules for sig figs 1. Nonzero digits are always significant 1. Nonzero digits are always significant 2. All final zero after the decimal point are significant 2. All final zero after the decimal point are significant 3. Zero between to significant figures are significant 3. Zero between to significant figures are significant 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of spacing decimal point are not significant. 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose of spacing decimal point are not significant. B. The number in the problem can be no more precise than the least precise measurement. B. The number in the problem can be no more precise than the least precise measurement.

VIII. Displaying data. A. Line graph- most often used graph to record data 1. Independent variable-This variable does not change as a result to anything a. Time-X-Axis 2. Dependant Variable- this is a variable, which responds to the values of the independent variable a. Distance- Y-axis

IX. Plotting points A. Identify the dependant and independent variables 1. Independent is on the X- axis 2. Dependant is on the Y- axis

 B. Determine the range of variables to be plotted. C. Determine if the origin is needed. C. Determine if the origin is needed.  D. Number and label the axis  E. Plot the points  F. Draw the best possible straight line or smooth curve that passes through as many points as possible...it's not dot-to-dot.  G. Give the graph a title that clearly represents the graph.

X. Linear, quadratic and inverse functions A. Linear- a straight-line function 1. y=Mx+b a. M= slope of the line or 1.m= Y 2 -Y 1 / X 2 -X 1 B. Quadratic relationships- Y= kX 2 C. inverse relationships- Y=1/x or k=xy

 XI. manipulation for unknowns-  X. Units-This will determine if the problem is done correctly when all the units go away and you end up with the units it’s suppose to be.