PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction  Modern medicine began long ago with observations on function and malfunction of human body  At first this interest was fueled by injuries and illnesses  First healers relied of superstitions and magic  Over time they discovered useful ways of treating and examining the body  They noticed how wounds healed, effects of injuries, examined cadavers for causes of deaths  Discovered herbs & potions could heal and have affects on body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction  As techniques for making accurate records of observations knowledge expanded rapidly

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology  Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy & Physiology  Difficult to separate the two  Structures of body parts are so closely related to function  Combination of all body parts make a well organized unit – The Human Organism  Each body parts function is dependent on how it is constructed or structure.  ie: hand with all small bones, tendons make it easy to grip. Heart with chambers make it a pump. Teeth shaped for cutting, chewing

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Physiology  As science has improved new things in the body are being discovered, even today  Tissue regeneration  T-cells  Discovery of new tissues that may bridge impulses between spine and head muscles may cause headaches

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable Figure 14.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules  Form complex structures of:  Proteins  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic Acids

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Helps regulate body temperature  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview  Muscular  Produces movement  Maintains posture  Produces heat

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Nervous  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 1.What is the study of Anatomy? 2.What is the study of Physiology 3.How are they similar or different? 4.What are the two levels of study in Anatomy? 5.The smallest structural level in the body is made up of what? 6.What are the four basic elements in the body that are made up of complex molecules? 7.Explain the six structural levels that make up the human organism. 8.List the 5 different systems of the body along with their function.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Review  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Endocrine

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Cleanses the blood  Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid-base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Reproductive  Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Work  Using you Work Packet “The Human Body: An Orientation”, please answer questions numbered 1 – 7 on pages 1 – 6.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life  Maintain boundaries – Growth without change in shape or boundaries  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react. Reaction to change in and out of body  Digestion  Break-down and absorption of nutrients

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life  Circulation – Movement of substances in fluids  Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Produces energy  Makes body structures  Excretion  Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Charecterisitcs of Life  Reproduction  Produces future generation  Growth  Increases cell size and number of cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs – Maintenance of Life  Food - Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides environment for metabolic reactions  Stable body temperature  Maintain Pressures – application of force to something  Atmospheric Pressure - Must be appropriate for breathing  Hydrostatic pressure – pressure asserted by force of water – Blood Pressure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of Life  Although all elements are required (Oxygen, food, water, heat, pressure) – these factors are not enough to sustain life  Both Quantities and Qualities are important.  ie: volumes of water in cells must be regulated  Amount of O2 must be regulated  Concentrations must be maintained

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interrelationships Among Body Systems – Balance must be maintained Figure 1.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1a Variable (in homeostasis)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 3 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Control center Imbalance

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 5 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center  Maintain a Set Point - a particular value that needs to be maintained in the body, ie: temp. 98.6

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions.  Using the workbook packet, please answer questions numbered 8 – 10 on pages 7 & 8.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directions in the body  Anterior – Front of body (Ventral)  Posterior – Back of body – (Dorsal)  Medial – closer to the midline of body  Lateral – further away from midline of body  Superior – refers to axial skeleton – higher or above  Inferior – axial skeleton – below or lower  Proximal – appendicular skeleton – closer to axial skeleton  Distal – further from axial skeleton

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections  A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts  A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts  A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts  A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions  Work Sheet Questions  Question # 17: pages 12 & 13

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5a Regional Terms  Anterior body landmarks

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Work Sheet Questions # 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 & 19  Extra Credit: Answer questions 20 – 23.