© Henley Business School 2010www.henley.reading.ac.uk School of Real Estate & Planning Locating Europe’s Cities in the World City Network.

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© Henley Business School 2010www.henley.reading.ac.uk School of Real Estate & Planning Locating Europe’s Cities in the World City Network

© Henley Business School 2010www.henley.reading.ac.uk School of Real Estate & Planning GaWC data Sandra Vinciguerra

School of Real Estate & Planning GaWC data differences 3 Year 2000, 100 leading APS firms present in 315 cities Year 2004, 92 APS firms in 315 cities Year 2008, 175 APS firms in 525 cities Concerning the financial sector in particular, in 2000 and 2004 only 34 and 29 world financial services firms were surveyed respectively, while information is available for 75 firms in the 2008 dataset Other sectors included are: accountancy, advertising, law and management consultancy

School of Real Estate & Planning Standardization Method (1) Data transformation was in order to compare all different years on the same basis We have included a subset of 285 cities for our data transformation, which is the set of cities that are present in all the three datasets All connections have been recalculated for each of the years and separately for each sector

School of Real Estate & Planning Standardization Method (2) Then all dyad values have been standardized across the whole inter-city matrix In order to calculate the final standardized connectivity indices, after dyad standardization, every sector has the same proportional weight as in the year 2008

School of Real Estate & Planning results compatible? The following exercise demonstrates that using a dyadic analysis method, 2000, 2004, 2008 data does not lead to time series distortions The following graphs show this for APS and FS data Extra cities added in the 2008 data collection have been removed in the new dyadic analysis

School of Real Estate & Planning APS distributions of standardized connectivities

School of Real Estate & Planning FS distributions of standardized connectivities

APS standardized ranks rankcity 2000 city 2004 city London100.00London100.00New York New York97.38New York97.38London Hong Kong72.63Hong Kong72.89Hong Kong Tokyo70.89Paris71.22Paris Paris70.78Tokyo69.76Singapore Singapore66.91Singapore67.73Tokyo Chicago61.89Brussels61.33Sydney Milan60.80Madrid60.62Shanghai Madrid60.25Toronto60.50Milan Los Angeles59.51Milan59.67Beijing Toronto58.14Amsterdam58.33Madrid Sydney58.09Frankfurt56.68Seoul Amsterdam57.28Sao Paulo56.51Moscow Frankfurt56.83Zurich55.25Toronto Brussels56.72Chicago53.75Brussels61.64

FS standardized ranks rankcity 2000 city 2004 city London London100.00London New York 90.86New York88.88New York Tokyo 81.61Singapore75.55Hong Kong Hong Kong 80.87Hong Kong74.53Singapore Singapore 74.51Tokyo73.63Tokyo Paris 72.78Paris66.83Paris Chicago 62.56Zurich61.23Sydney Los Angeles 61.16Madrid60.27Shanghai Madrid 61.15Milan58.05Madrid Milan 60.86Shanghai57.33Milan Frankfurt 58.58Toronto56.57Seoul Sao Paulo 58.40Sao Paulo56.19Beijing Sydney 57.28Brussels56.02Taipei Brussels 57.14Los Angeles51.93Toronto San Francisco 55.52Frankfurt51.29Zurich62.73

School of Real Estate & Planning Geographical analysis Sheds light on changes in Friedmann’s ‘world city hierarchy’ map It is possible to see the growth of East Asian cities for both APS and FS, particularly between the years 2004 and 2008

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2000 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2004 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2008 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2000 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2004 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2008 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning Mappa Mundi exercise A non-territorial perspective Using dyads shows a significant evolution of core- periphery relations both for FS and APS Using this approach the shift of network central positions over the years is evident

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2000 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2004 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning FS 2008 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2000 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2004 standardized

School of Real Estate & Planning APS 2008 standardized