Theories Developmental Psychology
Theories of Development Psychoanalytic Theory Freud Erickson Learning Theory (Behaviorism) Skinner Watson Bandura Humanistic Theory Maslow Rogers Cognitive Theory Piaget
Do we need to know names? And theories? And Faces? And that’s it! Freud Watson Bandura Maslow Erickson Skinner Piaget Rogers
The Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality and adult lives
The Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalysis Two Modern Definitions for the term Freud’s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories Outside of our conscious awareness contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Personality Structure Superego the part of personality that presents internalized ideals provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Personality Structure Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure Id Superego EgoConscious mind Unconscious mind
Personality Development Psychosexual Stages the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Oedipus Complex a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth– (0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty) Genital Maturation of sexual interests (puberty on)
Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms Regression defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Defense Mechanisms Projection defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions Check handout on website for more examples
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate ageStage Description of Task InfancyTrust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. ToddlerAutonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year)and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. PreschoolerInitiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. ElementaryCompetence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years-inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age StageDescription of Task Adolescence Identity vs. roleTeenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusiontesting roles and then integrating them to 20’s)form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs.Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs.When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60’s and despairadult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.
Learning Theories: Behaviorism John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes “Give me a dozen healthy infants….
Behaviorism and Watson Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar- man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. Do you know who Baby Albert was? Video Link to Baby Albert
Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner ( ) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology Skinner Video Skinner Video
Observational Learning Alfred Bandura’s Experiments Bobo doll we look and we learn Bobo Doll Video Bobo Doll Video
Observational Learning This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV
Humanistic Perspective Abraham Maslow ( ) studied self- actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Humanistic Perspective Self-Actualization The ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective Client-Centered Therapy humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth his techniques are incorporated into almost all forms of therapy today
Humanistic Perspective Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Self-Concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?” Acceptance Empathy
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget “ only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual”
Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) Object permanence Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years About 7 to 11 years About 12 through adulthood Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language development Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations Conservation Mathematical transformations Formal operational Abstract reasoning Abstract logic Potential for moral reasoning Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Piaget’s Video Piaget’s Video
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development