Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 3 Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior 1.The Development of Evolutionary Science 2.Evolution of Humans 3.Heredity, Genetics and Evolution 4.Heredity and Human Behavior 5.Evolution and Human Behavior

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Development of Evolutionary Science Charles Darwin:  Voyage of the Beagle  The Origin of Species

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection 1.Variation 2.Selection 3.Retention

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection  Variation – 1 st component of evolution  Members of a species differ from one another  Selection – 2 nd component of evolution  Provides direction to the process  Retention – 3 rd component of evolution  Favored variations are retained through heredity

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evolution of Humans  Methods for Studying Human Evolution  Fossils  DNA  Bipedalism  Carbon Dating

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Heredity, Genetics, and Evolution  Basic Principles of Genetics and Genes  Chromosomes and Meiosis  Dominant and Recessive Traits  Importance of Genetic Diversity  Sex-Linked Traits  Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations  Genetic Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Basic Principles of Genetics  DNA and RNA  Gene  Genome  Chromosomes (sex chromosomes, autosomes)  Sexual reproduction and Meiosis

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon  Genes are segments of DNA  Genes are recipes for protein synthesis The Structure and Composition of DNA

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon  Sexual reproduction  Female – XX chromosomes  Male – XY chromosomes Figure 3.8: Determination of Sex

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Dominant and Recessive Traits  Allele – alternative form of same gene for a trait  Dominant allele – trait shown when only one allele is present  Recessive allele – trait shown only when both alleles of a gene are the same  Genotype – entire genetic makeup  Phenotype – outward expression of genes

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 3.9: Patterns of Inheritance for Eye Color

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Importance of Genetic Diversity  Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity  Important for survival in a changing environment

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations  Mutations - accidental alterations in the DNA code within a single gene  Chromosomal aberration – change in part of a chromosome or the number of chromosomes

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Genetic Disorders  Down Syndrome  Huntington’s Chorea  Phenylketonuria

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Heredity and Human Behavior  Humans are genetically less diverse than other primates  Heritability – variation in a trait due to genetic factors  Experimental Procedures for Studying Genetic Influences  Correlation Methods for Studying the Effects of Genes

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Experimental Procedures for Studying Genetic Influences  Artificial Selection in Animals  Molecular Genetics  Knockout mutations  Genetic marker

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Correlation Methods for Studying the Effects of Genes  Concordance Research – studies similarity of traits between twins  Segregation Analysis – correlation method used to assess genetic contributions to human behavior

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evolution and Human Behavior  Sociobiology – study of genetic influences on social behavior  Evolutionary psychology – study how human behavior is affected by evolution

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sociobiology  Reproductive Strategies – monogamy, polygny, and parental investment  Sexual selection – naturalistic selection for traits that characterize male/female  Altruism - the unselfish concern for the welfare of another individual and often involves self-sacrifice.

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 3.11: Reproductive Strategies F 2.5

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Altruism  Inclusive Fitness (William Hamilton)  The reproductive success of those who share the same genes  Kin Selection  Biological favoritism towards relatives  Reciprocal Altruism  Benefiting another with expectations that the benefit will be returned

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Evolutionary Psychology  Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology  Criticisms  Culture