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ORGANISATION Organizations are formal social units devoted to attainment of specific goals. Organizations use certain resources to produce outputs and thus meet their goals.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION LLine Organization FFunctional Organization LLine & Staff Organization CCommittee Organization

MANAGEMENT Levels of Management  Top Level  Middle Level  Junior Level Management can be seen as a function, a process, a profession or a class of people.

Top Middle junior Strategic Planning Management Control Operational Control Figure showing different levels of management

INFORMATION Information and communication are without doubt two key words that represent global activity. Information is obtained through processing of data. Raw DataProcessInformation

SYSTEM A system may be defined as a group of components that interface with and complement one another to achieve one or more predefined goals. Typically, a system accepts an input. Various subsystems work together to produce some kind of output.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM  Provides information to support managerial functions like planning, organizing, directing, controlling.  Collects information in a systematic and routine manner which is in accordance with a well defined set of rules.  Includes files, hardware, software and operation research models of processing, storing, retrieving and transmitting information to the users. MIS can be defined as a system that:

OBJECTIVES OF MIS  Facilitates the decisions-making process by furnishing information in the proper time frame.  Provides requisite information at each level of management  Helps in highlighting the critical success factors to the closely monitored for successful functioning of the organization.  Support decision-making in both structured and unstructured problem environments.  Provide a system of people, computers, procedures, interactive query facilities, documents for collecting, storing, retrieving and transmitting information to the users.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS  Management oriented  Management directed  Integrated  Common data flows  Heavy planning element  Flexibility and ease of use

Management oriented The system is designed from the top to work downwards. It does not mean that the system is designed to provide information directly to the top management. Other levels of management are also provided with relevant information. Management directed Because of management orientation of MIS, it is necessary that management should actively direct the system development efforts. In order to ensure the effectiveness of system designed, management should continuously make reviews. 

Integrated:- The word integration means that the system has to cover all the functional areas of an organization so as to produce mare meaningful management information, with a view to achieving the objectives of the organization. It has to consider various subsystems, their objectives, information needs and recognize the interdependence that these subsystems have amongst themselves. Common data flows:- Because of the integration concept of MIS, common data flow concept avoids repetition and overlapping in data collection and storage, combining similar functions and simplifying operations wherever possible. 

Heavy planning element A management information system cannot be establish overnight. It takes almost 2 to 4 years to establish it successfully in an organization. Hence long term planning is required for MIS development in order to fulfill the future needs and objectives of the organization. Flexibility and ease of use While building an MIS system all types of possible means which may occur in future are added to make it flexible. A feature that often goes with flexibility is ease of use. The MIS should be able to incorporate all those features that make it readily accessible to wide range of users with easy usability.

IMPACT OF MIS  MIS creates an impact on the organizations functions, performance and productivity.  MIS helps in forecasting and long term prospective planning.  MIS relates the understanding of the business itself.  MIS calls for systemization of the business operations for an effective system design.  MIS improves decision making ability considerably.

DESIGN OF MIS The following steps are generally taken in the design of MIS  Identifying information needs  Listing objectives of MIS  Identifying system constraints  Determining information needs and resources.  Developing alternative conceptual design  Preparing the conceptual design report.

Problem Definition Set System Objectives Internal Constraints Internal Constraints Identify constraints External constraints Determine Information needs Mainframe Mini Computer Micro Computer Micro Computer Design and Implementation Design and Implementation Evaluation Determine Information Source Determine Information Source Develop Alternative Conceptual designs Cost and Facilities Cost and Facilities Fig : Design of MIS

IMPLEMENTATION OF MIS  Preparing organizational plans.  Planning of work flow.  Training of personnel.  Development of software.  Acquiring computer hardware.  Designing the format for data collection.  Construction of data files.  Operation of old and new systems in parallel.  Phasing out the old and inducting the new system.  Evaluation, maintenance and control of the new system.

MIS Design Training Program Space Hardware Design of format Layout Plan Software Develop Files File Completion Completion of Training System Check Parallel Operation Test Evaluation Document Completion Fig : Implementation of MIS

APPROACHES OF MIS DEVELOPMENT  Top down approach.  Bottom up approach.  Integrative approach.  Traditional approach.  Prototyping approach.  Systematic approach for development in small organization.

BARRIERS OF MIS  Problem definition barriers  Implementation barriers  Maintenance barriers Problem definition barriers –Generating workable idea requires leadership and team work. –Many innovative ideas are technically infeasible –Many innovative ideas are prohibitively expansive –Many ideas die because they lack a sufficient market Implementation barriers –Telecommunications increases the complexity of implementing MIS. –Multiple systems are difficult to integrate. –MIS systems often require inter organizational cooperation. –State of the art technologies are difficult to implement. Maintenance barriers –Competitors can copy MIS. –Unanticipated demand can overwhelm the usefulness of an MIS. –Applications can be expensive to maintain or enhance. –High exit barriers can cause devastating losses.