Physical Development in Late Adulthood Chapter 17 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter Outline Longevity The course of physical development in late adulthood Health © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity Life expectancy and life span – Life span: Maximum number of years an individual can live Between 120–125 years – Life expectancy: Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live Average is 78.3 years © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity Life expectancy and life span – Differences in life expectancy Due to factors such as health conditions and medical care Ethnic differences – Female life expectancy 80.8 years, males 75.7 years © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity Life expectancy and life span – Centenarians Increasing by approximately 7% each year Explanations – Diet – Low-stress lifestyle – Caring community – Activity – Spirituality © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity The young-old and the oldest-old – Young-old are aged 65 to 84 – Oldest-old are aged 85 or more – Functional age - Person’s actual ability to function Often affected by multiple variables such as genetics and medical conditions © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity Biological theories of aging – Evolutionary theory: Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults – Cellular clock theory: Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times Age makes cells less capable of dividing Telomeres – Tips of chromosomes; DNA sequences that cap chromosomes – Spiritual theory? Christian’s worldview? © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longevity Biological theories of aging – Free-radical theory: People age because: When cells metabolize energy – By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals – Mitochondrial theory: Aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria – Hormonal stress theory: Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood The aging brain – The shrinking, slowing brain Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years Volume decreases due to: – Shrinkage of neurons – Lower numbers of synapses – Reduced length of axon © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood The aging brain – The shrinking, slowing brain Slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood – Affecting physical coordination and intellectual performance Aging - Linked to a reduction in the production of certain neurotransmitters © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood The aging brain – The adapting brain Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons Dendritic growth Older brains rewire to compensate for losses Decrease in lateralization – Improve cognitive functioning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure The Decrease in Brain Lateralization in Older Adults © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Sleep – 50 % of older adults complain of having difficulty sleeping Result in earlier death and is linked to a lower level of cognitive functioning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Strategies to help older adults sleep better at night: – Avoiding caffeine – Avoiding over-the-counter sleep remedies – Staying physically active during the day – Staying mentally active – Limiting naps © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood The immune system – Declines in functioning with age Extended duration of stress and diminished restorative processes Malnutrition involving low levels of protein – Exercise improves the immune system, and influenza vaccination is important © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Physical appearance and movement – Most noticeable changes - Wrinkles and age spots – Shorter with aging due to bone loss in their vertebrae – Weight drops after age 60 Muscle loss – Older adults move more slowly Gait problems due to declining cerebellar functioning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure Changes in Body Composition of Bone, Muscle, and Fat from 25 to 75 Years of Age © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Sensory development – Vision declines Visual acuity Color vision Depth perception © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Sensory development – Diseases of the eye Cataracts: Thickening of the lens of the eye – Causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted Glaucoma: Damage to the optic nerve because of: – Pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye Macular degeneration: Deterioration of the macula of the retina – Corresponds to the focal center of the visual field © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Sensory development – Hearing Impairments becomes an impediment Hearing aids and cochlear implants can minimize the problems linked to hearing loss – Smell and taste Smell and taste losses typically begin about age 60 Decreased smell often 1 st indicator of dementia onset © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood – Touch and pain Detect touch less in the lower extremities Decreased sensitivity to pain can help adults cope with disease and injury – Mask injuries and illnesses that need to be treated The circulatory system and lungs – Cardiovascular disorders increase in late adulthood © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood – High blood pressure can be linked with Illness Obesity Anxiety Stiffening of blood vessels Lack of exercise – Lung capacity drops 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 Can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening exercises © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

The Course of Physical Development in Late Adulthood Sexuality – Orgasm becomes less frequent in males with age – Many are sexually active as long as they are healthy – Various therapies have been effective for older adults who report sexual difficulties © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure Sexual Activity in Older Adults with a Partner © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Health problems – Probability of having some disease or illness increases with age Arthritis is the most common followed by hypertension © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure The Most Prevalent Chronic Conditions in Middle and Late Adulthood © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Health problems – Causes of death in older adults Nearly 60% of 65–74-year-olds die of cancer or cerebrovascular disease 75–84 and 85+ age groups – Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death Ethnicity is linked with death rates of older adults © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Health problems – Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems – Osteoporosis: Extensive loss of bone tissue – Accidents - 9th leading cause of death in older adults Falls are the leading cause Falls can cause head injuries too © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Substance use and abuse – Multiple medications - Increase the risks associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs – Frequency of binge drinking - Highest among older adults – Invisible epidemic © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Substance use and abuse – Late-onset alcoholism - Used to describe the onset of alcoholism after the age of 65 Related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling condition – Moderate drinking of red wine - Linked to better health and increased longevity due to benefits of resveratrol © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure Physical Fitness and Mortality © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Exercise, nutrition, and weight – Exercise Linked to increased longevity and prevention of common chronic diseases Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases Improves older adults’ cellular functioning and immune system functioning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Exercise, nutrition, and weight – Exercise Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Exercise, nutrition, and weight – Nutrition and weight Getting adequate nutrition Avoiding overweight and obesity Role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Exercise, nutrition, and weight – Controversy over vitamins and aging Balanced diet - Needed for successful aging Antioxidants – Slow the aging process and improve the health – Neutralize free-radical activity – Reduce oxidative stress © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health Health treatment – Disease management programs - Need to be expanded – Geriatric nurses - Helpful in treating the health care problems © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Health – Development of alternative home and community-based care Decreased the percentage of older adults who live in nursing homes – Factor related to health and survival in a nursing home: Patient’s feelings of control and self-determination © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure Perceived Control and Mortality © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.