Presented to the 9 th European Interparliamentary Space Conference by Dr. Bill Barry NASA European Representative October 9, 2007 International Cooperation in Space

2 Recent Activities – The Hubble Space Telescope  Galactic Nebula NGC3603  Hubble Space Telescope being used to study star formation in the nebula  This investigation being led by Dr. Jesús Maíz Apellániz, of Spain  ESA provided the Faint Object Camera, the first set of solar arrays, and a team of scientists and engineers for Hubble  These contributions have entitled European astronomers to 15% of the observation time available on Hubble

3 Recent Activities – Venus  NASA’s Messenger probe – has flown by Venus twice on the way to Mercury  April 2006 and June 2007 flybys coordinated with ESA Venus Express spacecraft  Enabled multi-point observations of the same parts of the Venusian atmosphere by different instruments over a period of 12 hours

4 Recent Activities - Mars  Robotic activity abounds at Mars  Mars Exploration Rovers on surface  In Orbit –Mars Odyssey (NASA) –Mars Express (ESA) –Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)  More on the way  NASA-ESA use each other’s orbiters for data relay backup  ESA Mars Express uses NASA Deep Space Network for communications with Earth during parts of the mission.  Scientists participate as co-investigators. Duck Bay, as seen by Opportunity 28 September 2007

5 Cassini-Huygens at Saturn  A NASA-European Space Agency (ESA)- Italian Space Agency (ASI) Mission –The largest interplanetary spacecraft ever built  The ESA Huygens probe landed on Titan, largest moon of Saturn, 14 January 2005 –This European craft was the first probe to land on a body in the outer solar system  International science teams still working with the rich flow of information from this joint mission

6 International Space Station  Structural backbone of ISS nearly completed on recent Space Shuttle missions  Node 2 (built in Italy) to be launched this month  ESA Columbus Module scheduled to be launched in December  Japanese Kibo Module to be launched early next year  Target doubling crew size to six in mid-2009

7 Why does NASA undertake International Cooperation?  The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 directs NASA to conduct its activities so as to: “Contribute materially to cooperation by the United States with other nations and groups of nations…...”  The Vision for U.S. Space Exploration – 14 January 2004 “We’ll invite other nations to share the challenges and opportunities of this new era of discovery. The vision I outline today is a journey, not a race, and I call on other nations to join us on this journey, in a spirit of cooperation and friendship.”

8 International Cooperation: Historical  Since its creation in 1958, international cooperation: –Has been a cornerstone of NASA’s activities –Includes over 4,000 agreements with over 100 nations  In last 10 years : –900+ agreements with organizations from 68 countries –10 partners account for 75% (ESA, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia, Australia, and Brazil) –Cooperation through a variety of mechanisms –Cooperation normally involves “no-exchange-of-funds”

9 Global Reach: Current International Cooperation at NASA Russia (7) Europe (143) ESA (18) France (27) Germany (20) Italy (8) UK (15) 19 Other Countries And Organizations (55) South and South East Asia (9) India (3) Thailand (3) 3 Other Countries (3) Australia, Kiribati New Zealand (8) East Asia (10) China (1) Mongolia (1) Republic of Korea (6) Taiwan (2) Canada (10) Africa and the Middle East (19) Israel (3) South Africa (4) 7 Other Countries (12) Central and South America (27) Argentina (3) Bolivia (4) Brazil (6) Chile (4) Costa Rica (4) 6 Other Countries (6) (#) = Active agreements with international partner Grand total = 258, with 110 Earth science-related Japan (24) UN (1)

10 The Vision For U.S. Space Exploration  Goal: To advance U.S. scientific, security and economic interests through a robust human and robotic space exploration program  Bipartisan political support – Incorporated into NASA Authorization Act of 2005  Vision permeates every aspect of NASA operations and planning  Global Exploration Strategy Conferences – held April & Dec 2006 –14 Space Agencies agreed to release “The Global Exploration Strategy: The Framework for Coordination” in May 2007 –Identified the need for a voluntary, non-binding international mechanism to share information with the goal of strengthening individual and collective efforts in space exploration  Global Exploration Strategy Team meets next month in Berlin

11 NASA’s Exploration Roadmap Lunar Lander Development Lunar Heavy Launch Development Earth Departure Stage Development Surface Systems Development CEV Development Crew Launch Development Commercial Crew/Cargo for ISS Space Shuttle Ops Lunar Outpost Buildup Initial CEV Capability CEV Production and Operations Lunar Robotic Missions Science Robotic Missions Mars Expedition Design 1st Human CEV Flight 7th Human Lunar Landing Early Design Activity

12 International Cooperation: Current and Future  International cooperation will remain a hallmark of NASA’s activities  NASA anticipates significant opportunities for international participation in the Vision for U.S. Space Exploration –NASA teams currently briefing interested agencies on outcomes of our recently completed Lunar Architecture Team study  NASA Administrator Mike Griffin on November 1, 2005: “The United States, working alone, cannot fulfill the sweeping goals of the Vision for Space Exploration. We must maintain the strong international partnerships that have been built during the Space Station era, and must extend those partnerships even more broadly, to enable a robust human space exploration program.”