1 Forestry Herbicide Symptoms & Mode of Action John Boyd University of Arkansas

2 What is mode of action? How a herbicide disrupts or inhibits normal plant development. How a herbicide disrupts or inhibits normal plant development. –Examples cell membrane destruction. cell membrane destruction. block protein synthesis block protein synthesis interfere with photosynthesis interfere with photosynthesis

3 Terms to remember photosynthesis (food) photosynthesis (food) respiration (energy) respiration (energy) amino acids (proteins/growth) amino acids (proteins/growth) lipids (cell membranes) lipids (cell membranes) pigments (energy/light capture) pigments (energy/light capture) mitosis (cell division) mitosis (cell division)

4 Phloem mobile herbicides move up and down in the plant Xylem mobile herbicides move up in the plant Contact herbicides do not move in the plant Contact

5 Growth Regulator Herbicides Family Common Name Trade Name Phenoxy2,4-DSeveral benzoic acid dicambaVanquish carboxylic acid picloramTordon triclopyrGarlon clopyralidTransline Affect cell division, cell enlargement, protein synthesis and respiration. Act by upsetting hormone balance.

6 Growth Regulator Herbicides Generally applied to leaves, but have limited soil activity Generally applied to leaves, but have limited soil activity Length of soil activity is herbicide- dependent Length of soil activity is herbicide- dependent Highly systemic in susceptible plants Highly systemic in susceptible plants Activity (pound for pound) varies among herbicides Activity (pound for pound) varies among herbicides Primarily broadleaf activity but may affect grasses Primarily broadleaf activity but may affect grasses

7 Growth Regulator Symptoms Broadleaf plant stem twisting and curling Broadleaf plant stem twisting and curling Leaves on broadleaf plants exhibit cupping, crinkling, strapping, or drawstring affect Leaves on broadleaf plants exhibit cupping, crinkling, strapping, or drawstring affect Symptoms on grass plants include leaf rolling, crinkling, brace root fusion and malformation. Symptoms on grass plants include leaf rolling, crinkling, brace root fusion and malformation. Also, flower sterility and missing grain in crops. Also, flower sterility and missing grain in crops.

8 Twisting of stems and leaf cupping are typical symptoms of the growth regulator herbicides.

9 Leaf strapping is another typical symptom of these herbicides.

10 Deformed pin oak leaf caused by 2,4-D. This is referred to as the drawstring effect.

11 Vanquish (dicamba)untreated

12 Upward cupping of leaves on azalea. Common symptom with dicamba exposure.

13 Upward cupping of leaves on lilac from 2,4-D exposure.

14 Photosynthesis Inhibitors Family Common Name Trade Name triazineatrazineAAtrex triazinesimazinePrincep triazinonehexazinoneVelpar uracilbromacilHyvar ureadiuronKarmex ureatebuthiuronSpike These herbicides interrupt photosynthesis the process by which green plants convert light energy into food.

15 PI’s are Xylem Mobile Velpar, atrazine, simazine, Spike, Hyvar Velpar, atrazine, simazine, Spike, Hyvar –Taken up by primarily by roots. –Symptoms appear in older leaves that are exporting sugars –Do not move downward when foliar applied.

16 Photosynthesis Inhibitors Most PI’s are soil applied. Most PI’s are soil applied. All PI’s have at least some postemergence activity All PI’s have at least some postemergence activity Soil-applied PI’s translocate through the xylem. Soil-applied PI’s translocate through the xylem.

17 Interveinal or veinal yellowing followed by death of plant tissue from leaf margins inward Interveinal or veinal yellowing followed by death of plant tissue from leaf margins inward Postemergence applications cause rapid burning of plant tissue Postemergence applications cause rapid burning of plant tissue Photosynthesis Inhibitors

18 Princep (simazine) Symptoms often appear on the margins of the oldest leaves (pear).

19 Karmex (diuron) on oak. Symptoms often appear on the margins of the oldest leaves.

20 With photosynthesis inhibitors, symptoms start on the margins of the older leaves and move inward.

21 With photosynthesis inhibitors, symptoms start on the margins of the older leaves and move inward.

22 Pigment Inhibitor Herbicides Family Common Name Trade Name isoxazolidinoneclomazoneCommand pyridazinonenorflurazonSolicam not classifield fluridoneSonar These herbicides cause the green pigments (chlorophyll) in plants to be destroyed. Without chlorophyll, plants cannot photosynthesize and will die.

23 Pigment inhibitors Pigment inhibitors cause white leaves in susceptible plants Pigment inhibitors cause white leaves in susceptible plants New growth will not contain the green pigments needed for photosynthesis New growth will not contain the green pigments needed for photosynthesis Symptoms may be found on the cotyledon leaves and true leaves Symptoms may be found on the cotyledon leaves and true leaves White growth may be observed within veins (primarily with Zorial) and between veins (primarily with Command) White growth may be observed within veins (primarily with Zorial) and between veins (primarily with Command)

24 Pigment Inhibitor Herbicides Zorial (norflurazon). Zorial (norflurazon). Inhibit carotenoid formation followed by loss of chlorophyll. Inhibit carotenoid formation followed by loss of chlorophyll. New growth is white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple. New growth is white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple. Zorial usually follows the leaf veins. Zorial usually follows the leaf veins. Zorial

25 Command (clomazone) New growth is white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple. New growth is white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple. Command: white between the veins. Command: white between the veins. Maple

26 Root Growth Inhibitors Family Common Name Trade Name dinitroanilinesoryzalinSurflan dinitroanilinespendimethalinPendulum dinitroanilinesprodiamineBarricade The root inhibitors interrupt cell division (mitosis) stopping root growth in seedling plants.

27 Root Growth Inhibitors Plant death generally occurs before emergence Plant death generally occurs before emergence Root inhibitors translocate very little Root inhibitors translocate very little Generally stable in upper soil profile Generally stable in upper soil profile Persistence is herbicide-dependent Persistence is herbicide-dependent Most effective on small-seeded grass and broadleaf weeds Most effective on small-seeded grass and broadleaf weeds

28 Root Growth Inhibitors Roots on susceptible plants will be stubby and thick, especially lateral roots Roots on susceptible plants will be stubby and thick, especially lateral roots Root limitation may cause stunting of plants and phosphorus deficiency symptoms Root limitation may cause stunting of plants and phosphorus deficiency symptoms Broadleaf plants may have swollen hypocotyls Broadleaf plants may have swollen hypocotyls Concentration of herbicide at soil surface may cause callus tissue to form, leading to plant lodging Concentration of herbicide at soil surface may cause callus tissue to form, leading to plant lodging

29 Roots on susceptible plants will be stubby and thick, especially lateral roots

30 Cell Membrane Disrupters Family Common Name Trade Name bipyridiliumsdiquatReward bipyridiliumsparaquatGramoxone diphenyletherslactofenCobra Destroy cell membranes, causing cell contents to leak out and result in desiccation of plant tissue.

31 Contact herbicides Do not move Do not move Herbicides: Paraquat, diquat, Cobra (lactofen), MSMA Herbicides: Paraquat, diquat, Cobra (lactofen), MSMA –Rupture cell walls. –Symptoms appear within hours.

32 Cell Membrane Disruptors & Arsenicals Rapid yellowing followed by desiccation of affected plant tissue Rapid yellowing followed by desiccation of affected plant tissue MSMA, DSMA symptoms generally appear first on leaf tips MSMA, DSMA symptoms generally appear first on leaf tips Drift may result in speckled leaf burn Drift may result in speckled leaf burn

33 Paraquat drift on pecan causes speckling of the leaves.

34 Organic Arsenicals Family Common Name Trade Name organic arsenicals MSMASeveral DSMASeveral Fast acting herbicides that produce rapid leaf burn.

35 Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors (Grass Specific Herbicides) Family Common Name Trade Name cyclohexanedionesethoxydimPoast cyclohexanedioneclethodimEnvoy aryloxyphenoxy- propionate fluazifop-PFusilade fenoxaprop-P Acclaim Extra These herbicides act by disrupting lipid biosynthesis in grass plants. Plant cells and cellular organelles all contain lipid membranes. Therefore, these herbicides affect cell membrane integrity in the meristems.

36 Grass herbicides symptoms on johnsongrass

37 Grass Specific Herbicides Initial injury in the meristems occurs where new leaves are developing Initial injury in the meristems occurs where new leaves are developing These regions will turn chlorotic, which is followed by necrosis These regions will turn chlorotic, which is followed by necrosis The affected area will become rotten and will easily separate from rest of plant The affected area will become rotten and will easily separate from rest of plant Injury will develop slowly (7 to 14 days) Injury will develop slowly (7 to 14 days)

38 Grass Herbicide Symptoms Reddening of leaf tissue. Reddening of leaf tissue. Discoloration of tissue at and above the nodes. Discoloration of tissue at and above the nodes. Tissue and leaves in the leaf whorl can easily be separated from the rest of the plant. Tissue and leaves in the leaf whorl can easily be separated from the rest of the plant. No broadleaf activity. No broadleaf activity.

39 Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors (ALS inhibitors) Family Common Name Trade Names imidazolinonesimazapyr Arsenal, Chopper Stalker sulfonylureametsulfuronEscort sulfonylureasulfometuronOust These herbicides inhibit amino acid synthesis which is necessary for the formation of plant proteins.

40 ALS Characteristics Most of these herbicides have soil and foliar activity except glyphosate, and glufosinate Most of these herbicides have soil and foliar activity except glyphosate, and glufosinate Systemically translocated in plants Systemically translocated in plants Soil activity herbicide-dependent Soil activity herbicide-dependent Generally, low use-rate herbicides Generally, low use-rate herbicides

41 ALS Symptoms Grass symptoms include: stunting, purple coloration, and inhibited root systems with bottle-brush appearance Grass symptoms include: stunting, purple coloration, and inhibited root systems with bottle-brush appearance Broadleaf symptoms include: red or purple veins, yellowing of new leaves and blackened terminal growth Broadleaf symptoms include: red or purple veins, yellowing of new leaves and blackened terminal growth Glyphosate injury includes initial yellowing followed by death of affected tissue Glyphosate injury includes initial yellowing followed by death of affected tissue

42 Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Accord, Arsenal, Oust, Escort, Accord, Arsenal, Oust, Escort, Move to points of active growth or food storage. Move to points of active growth or food storage. Affect shoot tips, young buds and leaves. Affect shoot tips, young buds and leaves. Can cause contact burn and twisting. Can cause contact burn and twisting.

43 Arsenal (imazapyr) Compact growth on azalea Untreated

44 Arsenal (imazapyr) Bunched, compact growth on dogwood and sassafrass

45 Arsenal symptoms on maple.

46 Arsenal (imazpyr) blackberry sweetgum

47 Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors (Not ALS inhibitors) Family Common Name Trade Names Not classified glyphosate Accord, Roundup Not classified sulfosateTouchdown glufosinateFinale

48 Yellowing of new growth is common symptom of glyphosate exposure.

49 Split bark on apple from Roundup exposure.

50 Strapped leaves on maple due to Roundup.

51 Roundup drift from the previous fall may cause strapped leaves on peaches, apples and pears the next spring.

52 Stunted, compact growth due to glyphosate.

53 Finale (glufosinate) on pine

54 Terminal damage from a tank mix of Accord + Arsenal