Air Pollution Chapter 15 PLAY VIDEO

Updates Online: CNN Ask your rep for these volumes on CD or VHS World Trade Center Air Pollution (Vol. V) World Trade Center Air Pollution (Vol. V) Ozone Pollution (Vol. V) Ozone Pollution (Vol. V) State of the Air 2002 (Vol. VI) State of the Air 2002 (Vol. VI) Smog Pollution (Vol. VII) Smog Pollution (Vol. VII) Air Pollution (Vol. VII) Air Pollution (Vol. VII) Nuclear Fallout (Vol. VII) Nuclear Fallout (Vol. VII)

Earth’s Atmosphere Troposphere Troposphere 78% N 2, 21% O 2 78% N 2, 21% O 2 Stratosphere Stratosphere Ozone layer Ozone layer Fig. 15-2, p. 347

Earth’s Atmosphere Atmospheric pressure (millibars) , (Sea Level) –80– Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level Temperature (˚C) Altitude (kilometers) Altitude (miles) Thermosphere Heating via ozone Mesosphere Stratosphere Ozone “layer” Heating from the earth Troposphere Temperature Pressure Mesopause Stratopause Tropopause

Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants SourcesNatural Stationary COCO 2 SO 2 NONO 2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO 3 HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 H2O2H2O2 O3O3 PANs MostandsaltsNO 3 – Mobile SO 4 2 – Fig. 15-3, p. 348 Sources and Types of Air Pollutants

Table 15-1, p. 349

Formation of photochemical smog Animation

Photochemical Smog in Mexico City Fig. 15-4, p. 351

Industrial Smog in India Fig. 15-5, p. 351

Asian Brown Cloud Photo courtesy CBS News, ©2002

Air Pollution Around the World Grasshopper Effect Grasshopper Effect

Thermal inversion animation. Animation

Fig. 15-6, p. 353 Wind Transformation to sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) Nitric oxide (NO) Acid fog Ocean Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and NO Windborne ammonia gas and particles of cultivated soil partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts) Farm Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acidic Wet acid deposition (droplets of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 dissolved in rain and snow) Acid Deposition

Animation Acid deposition animation.

Video: Los Angeles Air PLAY VIDEO

pH Measurements at US Sites Fig. 15-7, p. 354

Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers) Fig. 15-8, p. 355 Current and Potential Problems with Acid Deposition

Harmful Effects of Acid Deposition Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma) Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma) Leaches metals from water pipes Leaches metals from water pipes Damages statues and other property Damages statues and other property Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon) Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon) Kills fish and other aquatic organisms Kills fish and other aquatic organisms Leaches plant nutrients from soils Leaches plant nutrients from soils Weakens trees (mountaintop forests) Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)

Emission Acid deposition SO 2 H 2 O 2 PANs NO X O 3 Others Direct damage to leaves and bark Reduced photosynthesis and growth Increased Susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, and disease organisms Soil acidification Leaching of soil nutrients Acid Release of toxic metal icons Root damage Reduced nutrient and water uptake Tree death Groundwater Fig. 15-9, p. 356 Impacts of Air Pollution on Trees and Water

Animation Effect of air pollution in forests animation.

Tree Damage from Acid Deposition Fig , p. 356 Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency Reduce coal use Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable resources Burn low-sulfur coal Remove SO 2 particulates, and NO x from smokestack gases Remove NO x from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO 2 Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Solutions Acid Deposition Prevention Cleanup Fig , p. 357 Reducing Acid Deposition

Video: Air Pollution in China From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD. From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD. PLAY VIDEO

Indoor Air Pollution Pollutants often at higher concentrations indoors Pollutants often at higher concentrations indoors Pollution inside cars Pollution inside cars Most people spent most of their time indoors Most people spent most of their time indoors Cancer risks Cancer risks Sick-building syndrome Sick-building syndrome Mold and allergies Mold and allergies Serious problem in developing countries Serious problem in developing countries

Indoor Air Pollution

Fig , p. 358 Chloroform Benzo-  -pyrene Styrene Radon-222 Methylene Chloride Tobacco Smoke Carbon Monoxide Asbestos Nitrogen Oxides 1, 1, 1- Trichloroethane Major Indoor Air Pollutants Particulates FormaldehydeTetrachloro-ethylene Para-dichlorobenzene

Fig , p. 359 Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers Slab joints Wood stove Cracks in floor Clothes dryer Furnace Radon-222 gas Slab Soil Uranium-238 Sump pump Cracks in wall Open window Openings around pipes Openings around pipesRadon

Healthy and Diseased Human Lungs Fig , p. 360

HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who died of emphysema (right). Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who died of emphysema (right). Figure 19-15

Premature US Deaths from Air Pollution Fig , p. 361

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION The Clean Air Acts in the United States have greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from six major pollutants: The Clean Air Acts in the United States have greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from six major pollutants: Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxidesSulfur dioxides Suspended particulate matter (less than PM-10)Suspended particulate matter (less than PM-10)

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION Environmental scientists point out several deficiencies in the Clean Air Act: Environmental scientists point out several deficiencies in the Clean Air Act: The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than prevention.The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than prevention. The U.S. Congress has failed to increase fuel-efficiency standards for automobiles.The U.S. Congress has failed to increase fuel-efficiency standards for automobiles. Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and two-cycle engines remains inadequate.Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and two-cycle engines remains inadequate. There is little or no regulation of air pollution from oceangoing ships in American ports.There is little or no regulation of air pollution from oceangoing ships in American ports.

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION Airports are exempt from many air pollution regulations.Airports are exempt from many air pollution regulations. The Act does not regulate the greenhouse gas CO 2.The Act does not regulate the greenhouse gas CO 2. The Act has failed to deal seriously with indoor air pollution.The Act has failed to deal seriously with indoor air pollution. There is a need for better enforcement of the Clean Air Act.There is a need for better enforcement of the Clean Air Act.

Using the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution To help reduce SO 2 emissions, the Clean Air Act authorized and emission trading (cap-and-trade) program. To help reduce SO 2 emissions, the Clean Air Act authorized and emission trading (cap-and-trade) program. Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to buy and sell SO 2 pollution rights.Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to buy and sell SO 2 pollution rights. Between , the emission trading system reduced emissions.Between , the emission trading system reduced emissions. In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and- trade system produced less emission reductions than were projected.In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and- trade system produced less emission reductions than were projected.

Video: Clean Air Act From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD. From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD. PLAY VIDEO

Controlling Air Pollution in the United States Electrostatic precipitator

Controlling Air Pollution in the United States Scrubber

Controlling Air Pollution in the United States Emissions in the US, 1970 vs. 2000

NBC Video: Carbon Counts PLAY VIDEO

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Solutions Stationery Source Air Pollution Prevention Dispersion or Cleanup Burn low-sulfur coal Remove sulfur from coal Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel Shift to less polluting fuels Disperse emissions above thermal inversion layer with tall smokestacks Remove pollutants after combustion Tax each unit of pollution produced Fig , p. 363 Solutions: Stationary Source Air Pollution

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Solutions Motor Vehicle Pollutions Prevention Cleanup Mass transit Bicycles and walking Less polluting engines Less polluting fuels Improve fuel efficiency Get older, polluting cars off the road Give buyers tax write- offs for buying low- polluting, energy- efficient vehicles Restrict driving in polluted areas Emission control devices Car exhaust Inspections twice a year Stricter emission standards Fig , p. 364 Solutions: Motor Vehicles

Air Pollution potential in India PLAY VIDEO

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Solutions Indoor Air Pollution PreventionCleanup Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Prevent radon infiltration Use office machines in well-ventilated areas Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Increase intake of outside air Change air more frequently Circulate building’s air through rooftop greenhouses Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves Fig , p. 364 Solutions: Indoor Air Pollution

Solutions Air Pollution PreventionCleanup Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Rely more on lower- polluting natural gas Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar- produced hydrogen) Transfer technologies for latest energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention to developing countries. Reduce poverty Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves to poor families in developing countries Reduce or ban indoor smoking Develop simple and cheap test for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde Fig , p. 365 Solutions: Air Pollution

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson What Can You Do? Indoor Air Pollution Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take corrective measures as needed. Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde. Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs of dust, lead, and pesticides. Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for any crumbling asbestos materials if it was built before Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air tested for asbestos and lead. Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous chemicals inside a home or attached garage. If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside. Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene- and gas-burning heaters are properly installed, vented, and maintained. Install carbon monoxide detectors in all sleeping areas. Fig , p. 365 What Can You Do?