Attitude The longer I live, the more I realize the impact of attitude on life. Attitude, to me, is more important than facts. It is more important than the past, than education, than money, than circumstances, than failures, than successes, than what other people think or say or do. It is more important than appearance, giftedness or skills. It will make or break a company...a church...a home. The remarkable thing is we have a choice every day regarding the attitude we will embrace for that day. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is play on the one string we have, and that is our attitude...I am convinced that life is 10% what happens to me and 90% how I react to it. And so it is with you...we are in charge of our attitudes. Charles Swindoll (Widely published Christian minister; 2000) Whatever happens in the life of a person, if his attitude is right, the Lord will work that experience for that person’s good. Elder Dennis B. Neuenschwander Faculty Inservice, Orem Institute of Religion, Dec 14, 1996 At the center of our agency is our freedom to form a healthy attitude toward whatever circumstances we are placed in! Elder Neal A. Maxwell Deposition of a Disciple (1976), 30–31.   IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Satellite Communication, Navigation & the Global Positioning System Schweber, Chap 19: Satellite Communication, Navigation & the Global Positioning System IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Orbits LEO: typically 17,000 mph MEO: typically 12,000 mph GEO: exactly 7070 mph IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Frequency Bands IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Factoids VERY complex systems Yes, it IS rocket science High-frequency, high attenuation signals & electronics Mechanical systems that must work in extreme conditions Complicated and expensive Earth-based systems Typical launch weight of 100s to 1000s of lbs Typical cost of $50M to $100M (to build the satellite) Launch cost of about $10,000/lb (LEO); MEO and GEO raise that another 5x each 10-year expected lifetime IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Link Budget IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

How Many? (www.n2yo.com) IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19 Satellite Totals - Most to Least Geostationary 816 Military 565 Strela 546 Space & Earth Science 475 TV 375 No Category 169 CubeSats 146 Glonass Operational 128 Earth Resources 115 Parus 95 Iridium 92 Experimental 87 Globalstar 84 Weather 79 Amateur Radio 76 Intelsat 68 Tselina 65 GPS Operational 64 Engineering 59 Westford Needles 48 Rudaga 44 Molniya Orbcomm 43 Brightest 37 Navy Navigation Satellite System Gorizont 33 Tracking & Data Relay Satellite System 31 Tsiklon 28 Geodectic 26 Yaogan 25 Radar Calibration 24 Disaster Monitoring 22 NOAA 20 Beidou Navigation System Tsikada Education 17 Sfera Russian LEO Navigation 16 GOES 15 Search & Rescue Satellite-Based Augmentation System 14 Gonets 12 XM & Sirius 9 ISS 8 Galileo 6 TOTAL 4735 Satellite Totals - by Category Amateur Radio 76 Beidou Navigation System 20 Brightest 37 CubeSats 146 Disaster Monitoring 22 Earth Resources 115 Education 17 Engineering 59 Experimental 87 Galileo 6 Geodectic 26 Geostationary 816 Globalstar 84 Glonass Operational 128 GOES 15 Gonets 12 Gorizont 33 GPS Operational 64 Intelsat 68 Iridium 92 ISS 8 Military 565 Molniya 44 Navy Navigation Satellite System No Category 169 NOAA Orbcomm 43 Parus 95 Radar Calibration 24 Rudaga Russian LEO Navigation 16 Satellite-Based Augmentation System 14 Search & Rescue Sfera Space & Earth Science 475 Strela 546 Tracking & Data Relay Satellite System 31 Tselina 65 Tsikada Tsiklon 28 TV 375 Weather 79 Westford Needles 48 XM & Sirius 9 Yaogan 25 TOTAL 4735 How Many? (www.n2yo.com) IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Too Many? (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o7EKlqCE20) IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

Navigation: A True Story Commodore Anson and the Centurion In September 1740, the H.M.S. Centurion set sail for the South Pacific from England under the command of Commodore George Anson. They had no chronometer. By March, 1741, already 6 months at sea, the Centurion rounded the tip of Cape Horn, only to encounter a terrific storm that punished them for 58 days. When finally able to get a fix on their position, Anson sailed north and west for Juan Fernández Island for some desperately needed fresh water and food. When he reached the proper latitude, he had no idea which way to go – east or west. For over two months they had been unable to plot their progress, and they did not have a chronometer to allow them to determine their longitude. So on a hunch, he sailed west. But after not sighting land after four days, he decided he was already west of Juan Fernández, so they turned around and headed east. Two days later, they sighted land, but it turned out to be the coast of Chile, under Spanish rule; they could not go there! So they executed another quick 180° turn and sailed west again. Finally, on June 9, 1741, they dropped anchor at Juan Fernández. The extra two weeks of sailing had cost Anson an additional 80 lives among his sick and ailing crew. Longitude, by Dava Sobel (Walker & Co., 1995), pp 17-20 IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

GPS IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19

GPS IT 327 - Schweber Chap 19