CROSS-SCALE and SCOPE: The future in Space Plasma Physics Matt Taylor on behalf of Steve Schwartz, Masaki Fujimoto and the Cross-Scale and SCOPE Teams The Influence of Solar Variability on Geophysical and Heliospheric Phenomena 2009 ILWS Workshop, Itamambuca Eco Resort, Ubatuba beach, Brazil cale scale.org

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Motivation Science Questions Science Overview  Shocks  Reconnection  Turbulence  Coupling Cross-Scale SCOPE Next Steps Outline

Plasma Universe

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Motivation 3 universal phenomena control plasmas  Shocks  Reconnection  Turbulence Responsible for  Particle Acceleration  Energy and momentum exchange  Transport in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Top-level Science Questions ‣ How do shocks accelerate and heat particles?  Acceleration mechanisms?  Energy Partition?  Variability? ‣ How does reconnection convert magnetic energy?  Initiation?  Magnetic topology?  Particle acceleration? ‣ How does turbulence control transport in plasmas?  Energy cascade?  Anisotropies?  Coherent structures?

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 ‣ How do shocks accelerate and heat particles?  Acceleration mechanisms?  Energy Partition?  Variability? ‣ How does reconnection convert magnetic energy?  Initiation?  Magnetic topology?  Particle acceleration? ‣ How does turbulence control transport in plasmas?  Energy cascade?  Anisotropies?  Coherent structures? Top-level Science Questions

‣ How do shocks accelerate and heat particles?  Acceleration mechanisms?  Energy Partition?  Variability? ‣ How does reconnection convert magnetic energy?  Initiation?  Magnetic topology?  Particle acceleration? ‣ How does turbulence control transport in plasmas?  Energy cascade?  Anisotropies?  Coherent structures? Top-level Science Questions

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Cross-Scale Coupling at Shocks

Cross-Scale Coupling and Reconnection

Cross-Scale Coupling and Turbulence

Observational Challenges ‣ Time-varying ‣ Fundamentally 3D ‣ 3 spatial & temporal scales  electron  ion  fluid ‣ Nonlinearly coupled ‣ Collisionless ⇒ Kinetic ‣ Plasma ⇔ EM fields ‣ Can’t sample distant astro- plasmas ‣ Near Earth space provides an excellent laboratory A collisionless Shock

Length and Time Scale in Geospace Example of the various scale lengths and time scales present in the near-Earth environment. The smallest lengths and shortest timescales correspond to electron dynamics, followed by ion scales to eventually the fluid scales that set the context and driving conditions for the phenomena of interest. The coupling between the various scales requires measurements at least two scales simultaneously.

State of the Art Cluster ‣ First 3D plasma measurements ‣ One scale at a time ‣ Results highlighted need for multi- scale ‣ Success of mission extension also confirming need for multiple scales in 3D MMS ‣ Access to electron scales in 3D ‣ Only one scale at a time THEMIS ‣ Global Sun-Earth Magnetosphere ‣ Not universal cross-scale physics

State of the Art Cluster ‣ First 3D plasma measurements ‣ One scale at a time ‣ Results highlighted need for multi- scale ‣ Success of mission extension also confirming need for multiple scales in 3D MMS ‣ Access to electron scales in 3D ‣ Only one scale at a time THEMIS ‣ Global Sun-Earth Magnetosphere ‣ Not universal cross-scale physics

Cluster ‣ First 3D plasma measurements ‣ One scale at a time ‣ Results highlighted need for multi- scale ‣ Success of mission extension also confirming need for multiple scales in 3D MMS ‣ Access to electron scales in 3D ‣ Only one scale at a time THEMIS ‣ Global Sun-Earth Magnetosphere ‣ Not universal cross-scale physics State of the Art

Requirements Key Concepts ≠ Behaviour of <> Simultaneous multi-scale Fields & particles Near-Earth: unique in-situ plasma laboratory Mission Design Electron Scale: Comprehensive payload Ion Scale: Targeted payload Fluid Scale Context payload Focus: coupling between scales The Cross-Scale mission is dedicated to the study of the cross-scale coupling of Reconnection, Shocks and Turbulence

Requirements 10 km; 10 ms 500 km; 1-5 s 5000 km; 30 s Key Concepts ≠ Behaviour of <> Simultaneous multi-scale Fields & particles Near-Earth: unique in-situ plasma laboratory Full Cross-Scale Mission Concept Electron Scale: Comprehensive payload Ion Scale: Targeted payload Fluid Scale Context payload Focus: coupling between scales The Cross-Scale mission is dedicated to the study of the cross-scale coupling of Reconnection, Shocks and Turbulence

Requirements 10 km; 10 ms 500 km; 1-5 s 5000 km; 30 s Key Concepts ≠ Behaviour of <> Simultaneous multi-scale Fields & particles Near-Earth: unique in-situ plasma laboratory Full Cross-Scale Mission Concept Electron Scale: Comprehensive payload Ion Scale: Targeted payload Fluid Scale Context payload Focus: coupling between scales The Cross-Scale mission is dedicated to the study of the cross-scale coupling of Reconnection, Shocks and Turbulence

Requirements 10 km; 10 ms 500 km; 1-5 s 5000 km; 30 s Key Concepts ≠ Behaviour of <> Simultaneous multi-scale Fields & particles Near-Earth: unique in-situ plasma laboratory Full Cross-Scale Mission Concept Electron Scale: Comprehensive payload Ion Scale: Targeted payload Fluid Scale Context payload Focus: coupling between scales The Cross-Scale mission is dedicated to the study of the cross-scale coupling of Reconnection, Shocks and Turbulence

Missions Focus: coupling between scales ESA - Cross-Scale JAXA/CSA - SCOPE 10 km; 10 ms 500 km; 1-5 s 5000 km; 30 s

Cross-Scale Mission Study The Cross-Scale mission has been the subject of an assessment study as part of ESA’s Cosmic Vision Plan for the ESA Science Programme Cross-Scale is an M-Class mission candidate, due for launch in The assessment study consisted of two parallel, recently concluded, industrial studies from Science input was via a Science Study Team, comprising of a group of international scientists (Europe, Japan, US, Canada) led by Professor Steven J. Schwartz In parallel to the industrial activities, a number of instrument teams or consortia have been working on the scientific payload elements of the mission

Cross-Scale Mission Study Baseline Roughly equatorial (14 ∘ ) 10 x 25 R E orbit will enable numerous opportunity to investigate: Shocks Reconnection Turbulence 7 ESA spacecraft, launched on Soyuz- Fregat Spacecraft will form 2 nested tetrahedra with shared corner to sample 2 scale simultaneously: First year of mission Ion-Electron scales Second year of mission Ion-Fluid scales

Cross-Scale Mission Study Baseline Roughly equatorial (14 ∘ ) 10 x 25 R E orbit will enable numerous opportunity to investigate: Shocks Reconnection Turbulence 7 ESA spacecraft, launched on Soyuz- Fregat Spacecraft will form 2 nested tetrahedra with shared corner to sample 2 scales simultaneously: First year of mission Ion-Electron scales Second year of mission Ion-Fluid scales

Cross-Scale Mission Study Two different designs

Cross-Scale Mission Study Option 1: the spacecraft are built around a 1666 mm cylinder. Spacecraft diameter is ~2.5 m, height 50 cm

Cross-Scale Mission Study Option 2: the spacecraft are octagonal prism structures, 1.59 m in diameter and 0.98 in height

Electron-scale physics with the M-ND pair Larger scale context Daughter(far) ： 5km 〜 5000km Daughter (far) SCOPE Ultra high-speed electron measurements Daughter(near) ： 5km 〜 100 ｋｍ

Current Status Passed Mission Design Review in January 2009 System Requirements Review at the end of Phase A will be joint with CSA (in less than 2 years time). LoI between CSA and JAXA for the joint Phase A and SRR being drafted. SCOPE

JAXA: Mother, Near Daughter + Dispenser CSA: Far Daughter x 3 Dual launch partner? Over 1 tonne spare capacity 2~3 s/c of 150kg class Other international partners? US, Russia, China, Taiwan Launch configuration requires only half of by H-2A capacity Mother Satellite φ3.0m×h1.2m ， 600kg SCOPE Dispenser Module Daughter Satellite ×4 φ1.5m×h0.6m ， 150kg

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Cross-Scale – SCOPE Next Steps-

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Location Cross-Scale + SCOPE

AOGS 2009 ST06-A006 Cross-Scale – SCOPE Thank you for your attention