بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان.

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

جيوهMERCURY

بردگان و محكومين را در معادن جيوه به كار وادار مي كردند اولين بار علائم مسموميت با جيوه توسط ژان فرنل (Jean Fernel) توصيف شد كوسمول مسموميت جيوه در آينه سازان را شرح داد و نشانه كوسمول ( قرمزي ته حلق ) و مراحل بيماري را در آنها بيان كرد خواص : فلزي است سنگين به رنگ سفيد مايل به نقره اي تنها فلزي است كه در دماي معمولي بصورت مايع است فشار بخار بالائي دارد ( خطر استنشاق ) عنصر ضروري بدن نمي باشد

مصارف ساخت دماسنج ، فشار سنج ، باطري و وسايل الكتريكي تهيه كلر و سود سوزآور ضد قارچ ، ضد كپك ، فوميگانت آبكاري ، تاكسيدرمي ، دباغي ساخت كلاه نمدي لرزه كلاه سازان ( mad as a hatter) توليد فوم پلي اورتان بعنوان كاتاليزور مواجهه كارگران استخراج و بازيافت جيوه ( بخار جيوه ) كارگران كارخانجات توليد كلر كارگران كارخانجات ساخت وسائل الكتريكي ، دندانپزشکان، دهان و دندان بهداشتكاران كشاورزان آلودگي محيطي ناشي از فاضلابها و ها گنداب

آمالگام جيوه در دندانپزشكي

A miner (left) displays a 'pot of gold' that has been separated from rock and sediment with the help of mercury. A miner tries to protect himself from vapors as he blowtorches a ball of purloined gold ore and mercury. However, covering his nose and mouth with his shirt provides no effective protection from the poisonous fumes.

Hg – Like Water

Abraham Lincoln 'suffered mercury poisoning' Abraham Lincoln took medication for depression

Case Studies China's first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huang Di was driven insane and killed by mercury pills intended to give him eternal life.

“Great Shock” In December 1997 a chemistry professor death of Karen Wetterhahn at Dartmouth College was contaminated with dimethylmercury when she spilled a drop on her latex glove.

Mercury poisoning - elemental - inorganic - organic Each has a different toxicological profile There are 3 different forms of mercury

Sources of mercury Elemental mercury: –Sphygmomanometers, thermometers, barometers –Liquid at room temp – volatilises easily Inorganic mercury: –Traditional remedies (ayurvedic, chinese) –Used in gold extraction, caustic soda manufacturing –Rodenticides Organic mercury: –Fungicides, seed dressings –Methylmercury in fish …

Mercury - Absorption Inhalation : 60-80% Dermal : 3-15% GI Tract : Metallic <0.2% Inorganic 15% Organic 90 + %

Organic mercury poisoning: Rare … but severe Exposure: ingestion, topical or inhalation CNS Toxicity: poor concentration, fatigue, ataxia, tremor, constricted visual fields, coma & convulsions BM suppression Renal toxicity - dealkylation to inorganic form Poorer response to treatment

Inorganic mercury poisoning Gastrointestinal phase: Hg 2+ is a potent GI irritant –gingivitis, stomatitis -oesophageal, gastric, small and large bowel erosions -haematemesis, bloody diarrhoea, CVS collapse Systemic toxicity: مهار آنزیم سولفیدریل توسط جیوه –hypotension, lactic acidosis Nephrotoxicity: رسوب جیوه در توبول ها  ATN –acute renal failure -potentially leads to CRF in survivors

جذب ، متابوليسم و دفع بخار جيوه جذب پوستي ندارد جيوه معدني از طرق استنشاق و گوارشي جذب ميگردد جيوه آلي ( تركيبات آلكيل ) از طريق تمام راهها ( استنشاق ، خوردن ، پوست ) جذب ميشود

Pure elemental mercury is a cumulative heavy-metal poison  rather poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract  moderately absorbed through the skin,  readily absorbed as vapor through the lungs.

علائم باليني التهاب حفره دهان ،متورم شدن غدد بزاقي ،التهاب لثه ( ژنژيويت ) ، ديده شدن يك خط تيره ( آبي رنگ ) ناشي از سولفيد جيوه روي لثه هاي ملتهب ، لق شدن دندانها علائم عصبي ، رواني تغييرات شخصيتي ( تحريك پذيري ، تند مزاجي ، بيقراري و... ) ،ترمور ( لرزش )

Pink Disease (Acrodynia) Mercury Poisoning in Children from Teething Powders Acrodynia : A disease of infants and young children caused by chronic mercury poisoning. TREATMENT: removing the source of the mercury, administering dimercaprol (BAL) antidote, providing supportive therapy

Polluting with HG Discharge in Minamata Bay

Mercury damages the central nervous system, endocrine system, kidneys, and other organs, mouth, gums, and teeth. Exposure over long periods of time or heavy exposure to mercury vapor can result in brain damage and death. Mercury and its compounds are particularly toxic to fetuses and infants.

From 1932 to 1968 methyl mercury was released into the sea around the city of Minamata, Japan. The toxin bioaccumulated in fish, which when eaten by the local population caused the largest case of mercury poisoning known Minamata disease caused the deaths of over 1000 people and permanently disabled a great many more. Case Studies

Life-Long Effects of MeHg

Planting Seed with Mercury

Another case of widespread mercury poisoning occurred in rural Iraq in , when grain treated with a methylmercury-based fungicide was used by the rural population to make bread. Iraq Infant Effects of Mercury

علائم آزمايشگاهي افزايش دفع پروتئين در ادرار، اندازه گيري جيوه خون و ادرار تشخيص شرح حال شغلي علائم اصلي مسموميت با جيوه تغييرات روحي و رواني ، تغييرات لثه ، ترمور پايش بيولوژيك : اندازه گيري جيوه ادراردرمان شستشوي معده با محلول سولفوكسيلات فورمالدئيد سديم ، درمان فوري با BAL درمان سوختگي ناشي از جيوه آلي : برداشتن سريع تاول ها و مايع درون آنها ميباشد افراد با مسموميت مزمن بايد از تماس بيشتر خودداري نمايند

The epithelial lining of proximal tubules is necrotic and appears as large, esosinophilic cells with no nuclei.

Mercury poisoning can reslt from vapor inhalation, ingestion, injection, or absorption through skin. Elemental mercury in liquid form is lipid soluble and converted into a divalent or mercuric form by catalase in the erythrocytes. The resulting inorganic form (also found in batteries) has poor lipid solubility and accumulates mostly in the kidney, causeing significant kidney damage.

the pictures below are from a person who stepped onto a broken CFL bulb whose foot was subsequently infected with mercury poisoning. This person spent two weeks in the ICU, and at one point it was feared that his foot would need to be amputated. Note in one photo the vacuum pump which was needed to continuously remove dead tissue.

Diagnosis of Mercury poisoning Blood mercury: –only really useful acutely ­normal <10µg/l ­symptoms with blood mercury > µg/l Urine mercury: –probably the most reliable indicator ­normal <10µg/l ­symptoms with urine mercury > µg/l U&E Radiology: for elemental ingestion/aspiration/injection

Remove from source Supportive care –particularly important with inhalation DMPSDMPS Chelation (2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulphonate) ­Chelation therapy of choice for mercury ­For both acute and chronic mercury poisoning ­For all forms of Hg (inorganic > metallic >> organic ) - Indications: ­symptomatic patients ­blood/urine mercury persistently > mg/l Treatment of Mercury poisoning

"Bernardino Ramazzini ( ) made an accurate recording of the signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning

پيشگيري اگاهي از خطرات بخار جيوه بكار گيري مناسب مواد رعايت دقيق بهداشت عمومي و فردي جايگزيني جيوه با مواد ديگر ( در صورت امكان ) استفاده از تهويه مناسب ( در صورتيكه در دماي معمولي از جيوه استفاده شود ) استفاده از فيلترهاي مناسب در هواكش هاي محيط كار كنترل پخش مواد صنعتي حاوي جيوه محيط هاي كاري بايد براحتي قابل تميز كردن باشد كف زمين و ميز كار نبايد داراي منفذ باشد كف زمين بايد به سمت كف شور شيب داشته باشد

گارگر بايد دو رختكن داشته باشد در بين رختكن ها دوش وجود داشته باشد لباس هاي محيط كار بايد هر روز شسته شود لباس حفاظتي كارگر نبايد جيب داشته باشد از بردن لباس كار به منزل بايد جدا ” خوداري گردد كارگران بايد قبل از خوردن غذا ، سيگار كشيدن و نوشيدن مايعات دست ها را بشويند و دهانشان را با آب غرغره كنند در صورت عدم تهويه مناسب بايد از ماسك هاي فيلتر دار استفاده نمود و از آنها به مدت كوتاهي استفاده نمايند

معاينات قبل از استخدام توجه به موارد زير بسيار ضروري است سابقه قبلي تماس با جيوه دارد يا خير سابقه اختلالات عصبي بيماري كليه بيماري تنفسي مزمن درماتيت مزمن مشكلات دهان ودندان