Nation-states and the modern world system KGA171 The Global Geography of Change Presented by Associate Professor Elaine Stratford Semester 1

Captain Cook takes formal possession of New South Wales, Possession Island, 22 August 1770

LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD Part 1

Revising Lecture On the basis of insights from lectures 6.1 to 6.4 what is your understanding of the term vulnerability and its importance to geography and environmental studies? 2.Describe and explain three phases or stages of armed conflict. 3.How can the environment be used as a ‘weapon’ in armed conflict? Provide examples from each of the stages of such conflict. 4.What is eco-vandalism? What effects has it had in the Persian Gulf? 5.Testing, training, separation, access and construction strategies have different effects on the environment. What are they and how do they arise? 6.Describe and explain the differential effects of bombardment, despoliants and nuclear weapons on natural, social and cultural space. 7.What is a key governance challenge in armed conflict and why is it a problem for environmental management? A Woman Thinking

Learning Objectives Module 7 Lecture 1 be able to –describe the key characteristics of the nation-state, including those related to territory, culture and the modern world system –explain in broad terms the transition from colonial to post- colonial geopolitics over the period from c1700s to c1970s –evaluate in basic terms the merits of the argument that we are now all part of a global village KGA171 demonstrate knowledge of geographical concepts, earth and social systems and spatial patterns of change create and interpret basic maps, graphs and field data identify and analyse different viewpoints to contribute to debates about global development communicate in reflective and academic writing, referencing literature when needed

Textbook Reading Bergman and Renwick (2008) pp Extended reading to p.483 of this text encouraged. Critical reading 1. What is the author’s purpose? 2. What key questions or problems does the author raise? 3. What information, data and evidence does the author present? 4. What key concepts does the author use to organize this information, this evidence? 5. What key conclusions is the author coming to? Are those conclusions justified? 6. What are the author’s primary assumptions? 7. What viewpoints is the author writing from? 8. What are the implications of the author’s reasoning? [from Foundation for Critical Thinking]Foundation for Critical Thinking Old Woman Reading a Lectionary, Gerard Dou

A UNITED WORLD? Part 2

Holy Roman Empire 1560

Ratification of the Peace of Münster between Spain and the Dutch Republic in the town hall of Münster, 15 May 1648 After Gerard ter Borch (II), , Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Sovereignty A Jack In Office Sir Edwin Landseer, c.1830 The title "A Jack In Office" is a slang expression for a pompous government official. This painting of a Bull and Terrier positioned on the table, reflects the characteristic of the sovereignty of this dog as “boss of the pack”. The King enthroned over his submissive subjects, an expression of the supremacy of this dog breed during the 1800s.

THE NATION-STATE Part 3

States “independent political units that claim exclusive jurisdiction over defined territories and over all of the people and activities within them” (Bergman and Renwick, 2008, p.440).

States are political See Commonwealth Constitution Act, 1901Commonwealth

trade; taxation; bounties; the post and telecommunications; defense; coastal navigation; astronomical and meteorological observations; quarantine; fisheries in Australian waters beyond territorial limits; census and statistics; currency, coinage, and legal tender; banking, other than State banking; also State banking extending beyond the limits of the State concerned, the incorporation of banks, and the issue of paper money; insurance, other than State insurance; also State insurance extending beyond the limits of the State concerned; weights and measures; bills of exchange and promissory notes; bankruptcy and insolvency; copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks; naturalization and aliens; foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth; marriage; divorce and matrimonial causes; and in relation thereto, parental rights, and the custody and guardianship of infants; invalid and old-age pensions; the provision of maternity allowances, widows’ pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorize any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances; the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States; the recognition throughout the Commonwealth of the laws, the public Acts and records, and the judicial proceedings of the States; the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws; immigration and emigration; the influx of criminals; external affairs; the relations of the Commonwealth with the islands of the Pacific; the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws; the control of railways with respect to transport for the naval and military purposes of the Commonwealth; the acquisition, with the consent of a State, of any railways of the State on terms arranged between the Commonwealth and the State; railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State; conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one State; matters in respect of which this Constitution makes provision until the Parliament otherwise provides; matters referred to the Parliament of the Commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any State or States, but so that the law shall extend only to States by whose Parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterwards adopt the law; the exercise within the Commonwealth, at the request or with the concurrence of the Parliaments of all the States directly concerned, of any power which can at the establishment of this Constitution be exercised only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom or by the Federal Council of Australasia; matters incidental to the execution of any power vested by this Constitution in the Parliament or in either House thereof, or in the Government of the Commonwealth, or in the Federal Judicature, or in any department or officer of the Commonwealth [s.51, Commonwealth Constitution Act 1901].

State/s and nation/s? Trowenna/Van Diemens Land/Tasmania?

Nations

Nations are cultural Bergman and Renwick (2008) pp. 442 and 446

The nation-state exists in natural, social and cultural spaces Nation-state =Territory +Group Identity Governance of space Natural and social space Cultural space

The Nation-State a state ruling over a territory containing all the people of a nation and no-others Manifest Destiny [creating the United States], John Gast, 1872

The myth of the nation-state: most modern states are multinational

Tactics of alignment 1.“to redraw the international political map; 2.to expel people from any country in which they are not content or to exterminate them; and 3.to forge nations in the countries that exist now” Bergman and Renwick (2008) p.450 Sri Lanka showing area claimed as Tamil homeland (Bergman and Renwick (2008) p.447

The ‘imagined community’ of the state Seated Arab, Tangiers, Eugene Delacroix, 1832

THE END OF THE NATION-STATE? Part 4

An imperial colonial world in the nineteenth century Bergman and Renwick (2008) p.535

Twentieth century decolonization Bergman and Renwick {2008), p.535

The end of the nation-state? Photograph by Michael Boran