Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix, Arizona Air Barrier Technologies Energy TechnologiesWindows and Building Envelope Technologies Diana Hun, PhD Oak Ridge National Laboratory August 12, 2015

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Air Leakage 2 Accounts for 10% of energy used in buildings Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Energy Data Book Transportation 28 Quads Industrial 30 Quads Buildings 40 Quads Air Leakage 4 Quads US Primary Energy Consumption 98 Quads

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 3 Air Sealing in Commercial Buildings ~800 TBtu staged energy savings in 2030 from maximum adoption 2.5 years staged payback Air-Sealing Systems (C) (R) Residential (C) Commercial Windows and Building Envelope Research and Development: Roadmap for Emerging Technologies (DOE 2014)

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Air barrier (ASTM E2178, E2357, E779) – Controls airflow – Degree of water vapor control varies Water vapor retarder (ASTM E96) – Controls water vapor flow – Class I: < 0.1 perm  foil-faced isocyanurate – Class II: 0.1 < perm  1   1” extruded polystyrene – Class III:1 < perm  10  latex paint Water-resistive barrier (aka weather barrier; ASTM E331) – Controls water flow 4 Definitions

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Low air permeance – Varies with building code/standard Continuous over the entire building envelope – Seal gaps around penetrations (install before cladding) – Seal wall-to-roof joint – Seal wall-to-foundation joint Withstands forces during and after construction Durable over expected lifetime of building 5 Air Barrier System Requirements

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade PBS-P100: Facilities standards for the Public Buildings Service – Baseline< 2 L/s/m 75 Pa – Tier 1< 1.25 L/s/m 75 Pa – Tier 2< 0.75 L/s/m 75 Pa – Tier 3 < 0.5 L/s/m 75 Pa IECC 2012 options – Material < 0.02 L/s/m 75 Pa (ASTM E2178) – Assembly < 0.2 L/s/m 75 Pa (ASTM E2357) – Envelope < 2 L/s/m 75 Pa Army Corp of Engineers – Envelope < 1.25 L/s/m 75 Pa 6 Air Permeance Requirements Blower door test (ASTM E779/E1827)

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 7 Air Barrier Effects Emmerich and Persily 2014 Number of Buildings 0.7 > Envelope Leakage at 75 Pa (L/s/m 2 ) Buildings with air barriers Buildings without air barriers

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 8 Air Barrier Types for Commercial Buildings

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Similarities – Can serve as air and water barrier, and drainage plane – Many manufacturers require installation training Differences – Material cost – Installation Procedure, training, workmanship skills, time, cost Temperature Location: interior or exterior side of wall cavity – Vapor permeance – Thermal resistance 9 Overall Comparison

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Most products have high vapor permeance (5 to 50 perms) Require screws with 2” caps Joints are typically sealed with tape – Should be rolled – Priming may be required on concrete, masonry and fiber faced gypsum board 10 Mechanically-Fastened Membranes Fasteners with 2” caps

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Moderate vapor permeance (0.1 to 1 perm) Reduce thermal bridging when on outer side of wall cavity Can replace the exterior sheathing Requires screws with 2” caps Joints are typically sealed with tape – Should be rolled 11 Insulating Sheathings Foil-faced polyisocyanurate boards Extruded polystyrene boards Fasteners with 2” caps

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Available with low and high vapor permeance (0.03 to 30 perms) Asphalt-based membranes require substrates to be primed – Primer must cure before membrane installation Some non-asphalt-based membranes do not require priming Low temperature products available Membrane should be rolled 12 Self-Adhered Membranes Priming before installation of asphalt-based membrane Primer-less self-adhered membrane

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Available with low and high vapor permeance (0.1 to 30 perms) Relatively fast installation with roller or sprayer May require personal protective equipment Low VOC products available Low temperature products available Potential concerns – Overspray – Minimum thickness 13 Fluid-Applied Membranes

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam (SPF) Moderate vapor permeance Reduces thermal bridging when on outer side of wall cavity Relatively fast installation Installers must wear personal protective equipment Adequate ventilation should be provided during installation Building should not be occupied during installation Overspray and non-uniform thickness are potential concerns 14 Spray-Applied Foam

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 15 Latest Technologies

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 16 Reduce Labor and Installation Time Installed with gun and putty knife or spreader Spray applied Liquid Flashings Primer-Less Self-Adhered Membranes

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 17 Case Study: Wall Retrofit Solutions

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Develop suite of wall retrofit solutions Exceed ASHRAE Suitable for masonry construction – Common in northeast – Preserve existing façade – Interior retrofit 10 to 15 years payback time Evaluations based on – Simulations – Lab tests – Field tests 18 Objectives Brick façade 2” Air gap 8” CMU R11 fiberglass insulation between steel studs Drywall

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 19 Retrofit Scenarios Solution criteriaScenarioPotential retrofit Cost effective Retain existing wall 12” foam board over existing wall Semi-cost effective Remove existing insulation 26” open-cell SPF within stud cavity 35” closed-cell SPF within stud cavity Energy efficient Remove existing insulation and studs 43.5” cellulose + 2.5” cont. cellulose 52” closed-cell SPF + 1.5” cont. closed-cell SPF 63.5” cellulose + 2” cont. closed-cell SFP 73.5” cellulose + 1.5” cont. closed-cell SPF 82.5” foam board w/ air barrier 92.5” foam board w/o air barrier

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 20 Evaluation Parameters Relevant parameters per panel of industry experts Level of importance per panel of industry experts Data Cost-effectiveness35%Cost analysis Moisture management/durability20%Simulations Thermal performance18%Simulations Air leakage12%Literature Disruptiveness/Constructability9% Industry assumptions Indoor air quality6%Simulations

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 21 Selected Retrofit Scenarios Solution criteriaScenarioPotential retrofit Cost effective Retain existing wall 12” foam board over existing wall Semi-cost effective Remove existing insulation 26” open-cell SPF within stud cavity 35” closed-cell SPF within stud cavity Energy efficient Remove existing insulation and studs 43.5” cellulose + 2.5” cont. cellulose 52” closed-cell SPF + 1.5” cont. closed-cell SPF 63.5” cellulose + 2” cont. closed-cell SFP 73.5” cellulose + 1.5” cont. closed-cell SPF 82.5” foam board w/ air barrier 92.5” foam board w/o air barrier

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade ORNL’s Flexible Research Platform Monitoring – Building envelope – HVAC Calibrated model Retrofit – Two rooms with each of the solutions – Collect data for 1 year – Improve simulation results – Issue guidelines in April Field Evaluation

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 23 Thanks for your attention