Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) ScotPHO training course – day 4 Andrew White Office of the Chief Statistician, Scottish Government

A run through of… What is the SIMD? –The history –The methodology Some things you should know… Headline findings Finding more info. on SIMD 2009

What is the SIMD? The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland. small area concentrationsmultiple deprivation

Multiple deprivation Multiple aspects of deprivation called ‘domains’ –Income –Employment –Health –Education –Access to Services –Housing –Crime

What is the SIMD? The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland. Relative measure ranking the 6,505 datazones in Scotland from 1 being most deprived to 6,505 being the least deprived. Does this for each domain and overall. datazones 1 being most deprived datazones

What are datazones? Statistical geography Average population of 750 people 6,505 datazones in Scotland No names, but codes like S

What is the SIMD? The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland. Relative measure ranking the 6,505 datazones in Scotland from 1 being most deprived to 6,505 being the least deprived. Does this for each domain and overall. Analysis often focuses on the 15% most deprived. There are 976 datazones in the 15% most deprived (and 1,301 in the 20%). 15%

What is the SIMD? The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation identifies small area concentrations of multiple deprivation across all of Scotland. Relative measure ranking the 6,505 datazones in Scotland from 1 being most deprived to 6,505 being the least deprived. Does this for each domain and overall. Analysis often focuses on the 15% most deprived. There are 976 datazones in the 15% most deprived (and 1,301 in the 20%). SIMD is one measure of deprivation, not the only one. Similar indices produced across the UK.

What is it used for? as a statistical classification as an indicator to target resources and policies at small areas feeds into work looking at Health inequalities across Scotland individual domains and indicators also used. E.g. some Local Authorities use levels of income and employment deprivation to assess and monitor need.

Most deprived datazone in Scotland S East end of Glasgow. Ranked 62 in SIMD 2006 DZ ranked 1 in SIMD 2006 now ranked 2

The history

Carstairs Derived from four census indicators: –low social class, –lack of car ownership, –overcrowding –male unemployment. Calculated at postcode sector level (e.g. G84 9) Available for 1981, 1991 & 2001 Categorisation of scores –Quintile 1 (least deprived) to Quintile 5 (most deprived) –Decile 1 (least deprived) to Decile 10 (most deprived) Available on the web site of Glasgow University's MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit – ISD Scotland –

SIMD 2004 Work done in house Datazone geography 6 aspects of deprivation (domains) –Income –Employment –Health –Education –Access –Housing Data from 2001 and 2002

SIMD domains –New crime domain added Public transport times included in access domain as sub-domain 37 indicators Data (mostly) from 2004 and 2005 Published October 2006

SIMD domains –Income –Employment –Health –Education –Access –Crime –Housing 38 indicators Data (mostly) from 2007 and 2008

Trend Analyses – which measure? Trend Analyses from 1999 onwards –SIMD 2009 Trend Analyses back to 1991 –Carstairs 2001 Trend Analyses back to before 1991 –Carstairs Consistent Areas Through Time (CATTs)

The methodology

Employment Deprivation Domain Based on benefits data (2008) –Unemployment Claimant Count 12 month average –Incapacity Benefit recipients Working age –Severe Disablement Allowance Working age –Compulsory New Deal Participants No change to 2004 indicators for 2006 or 2009 Datazone SAPE –Working age population

Income Deprivation Domain Not measuring income Based on benefits data (2008) –Income support adults and children –Guarantee Pension Credit adults –Job Seekers Allowance adults and children –Child and Working Family Tax Credits Adults and children in TC families on low incomes 2004 used WFTC and DTC data 2006 did not include tax credits Datazone SAPE –Total population

Crime Domain Relevant to Neighbourhood Deprivation ‘SIMD crime’ not ‘Total Crime’ –Crimes of violence –Drug Offences –Domestic Housebreaking –Minor Assault –Vandalism Does not include crimes in/near police station First included in 2006 Total populations – rate per 10,000 Move to financial year for SIMD 2009

Housing Deprivation Domain Census data –No change since SIMD 2004 –Persons in households which are overcrowded –Persons in households without central heating Census populations –Total population No new indicators identified

Health Deprivation Domain Indicators used: –Standardised Mortality Ratio* –Hospital Episodes related to alcohol use* –Hospital Episodes related to drug use* –Comparative Illness Factor* –Emergency Admissions to Hospital* –Proportion of population being prescribed drugs for anxiety, depression or psychosis –Proportion of live singleton births of low birth weight *Age – Sex Standardisation Methodological changes since 2004 –Removal of Shrinkage Minor changes for 2009 Normalised and combined using factor analysis Weights

Education Deprivation Domain Indicators –School pupil absences –Pupil Performance on SQA at Stage 4 –Working age people with no qualifications –17-21 year olds enrolling into HE –People ages not in full time education, employment or training NEET indicator change for 2009 Populations relevant to indicator Combined using factor analysis

Access to Services Domain (indicators) Drive Times –GP –Shopping facilities (Supermarket in 2004) –Petrol Station –Primary and Secondary Schools (Primary only in 2004) –Post Office Public Transport (Not included in SIMD 2004) –GP –Shopping Facilities –Post Office

Some things you should know… The Index is relative i.e. it shows whether an area is more or less deprived than another one but not how much more or less deprived. The least deprived area is not the most affluent, it just lacks deprivation. Not everyone living in a deprived area is deprived. Nor do all deprived people live in the most deprived areas. There will always be 976 datazones in the 15% most deprived – if a datazone moves out another will move in. Changes to methodology so care is needed when comparing over time e.g. crime domain, tax credit data.

Some things you should know… Often we might look at quintiles, deciles or vigintiles as a way of summarising SIMD ranks –For SG e.g. vigintiles will contain 1/20 th of all datazones –ISD use population weighted vigintiles so each vigintile will contain roughly 1/20 th of the population –Datazones have roughly equal populations so the two types of vigintile are similar but not the same –The postcode lookups on the SIMD website contain both types

Some CHP results

SIMD 2009 – National Share (part 1) *The national share is the number/percentage of datazones in the (e.g.) 15% most deprived in Scotland that fall in each CHP

SIMD 2009 – Local Share (part 1) *The local share is the percentage of datazones within a CHP that fall within the (e.g.) 15% most deprived in Scotland

SIMD 2009 – Income and Employment deprivation

Using SIMD SIMD website

For example Interactive mapping Postcode lookup Datazone profiler Background data Annual updates…

Scottish Government contacts Advice for SG staff is available from the Small Area Statistics team on these topics: SIMD: Andrew White SNS: Euan Smith General enquiries: gsi.gov.uk

Geography Analysis Support Advice for NSS staff is available from the GAS team on these topics: Deprivation: Richard Lawder Geography: Alison Burlison Population/SNS*: Andy Gasiorowski *Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics

ANY QUESTIONS?