The Enlightenment - a philosophical movement of the eighteenth century which stressed human reasoning over blind faith or obedience and was thus in contrast with much of the religious and political order of the day, while also encouraging scientific‘ thinking. Also referred to as the beginning of the modern era. Began around the 18th Century in Europe Product of the Scientific Revolution Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply the laws of nature to human society. Political ideas included: A) The concepts of Natural Rights B) Separation of powers. C) Checks and balances. D) Freedom of thought.

Chapter 18 Themes Continuity and Change – Enlightenment ideas about society and government stood in a sharp contrast to the status quo. Since the 1700’s Enlightenment ideas have spread around the world. Economics and Technology – Advances in farming, transportation, and manufacturing led to the Industrial Revolution during the 1700’s. Impact of the Individual - Thinks like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau and political leaders like Napoleon and Simon Bolivar promoted national pride and human rights. Political and Social Systems – Revolutionaries urged radical changes in government. Industrialization created a new working class, while merchants and skilled artisans formed a growing new middle class.

Vocabulary Natural Law – Rule or law that governs human nature. Social Contract – An agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos. Natural Right – Right that belongs to all humans from birth. Philosophe – Member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society. Physiocrat – An Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics. Laissez Faire – Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes – People are greedy and selfish. Only a powerful government can create a peaceful, orderly society. John Locke – People have natural rights. It is the job of the government to protect these natural rights. If government does not protect these rights, the people have the right to overthrow it. Baron de Montesquieu – Powers of government should be separated into three branches. Each branch will keep the others from becoming to powerful. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – In a perfect society, people both make and obey the laws. What is good for everyone is more important than what is good for one person.

Enlightenment Thinkers Votaire - Francois-Marie Arouet. Critical writer. Attacked abuses, corrupt officials and idle aristocrats. He battled inequality, injustice, and superstition. He detested the slave trade and deplored religious prejudice. Diderot – Produced the 28 volume Encyclopedia. Here he explained new ideas on topics such as government, philosophy and religion. The Encyclopedia included writings from Voltaire and Montesquieu. These writings helped spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe. Wollstonecraft – British social critic. Woman’s first duty was to be a good mother. Woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest. Published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in Called for equal education for boys and girls. Felt education could give woman the tools to participate equally with men in public life. Smith – British economist. He admired the physicrats. Wrote the Wealth of Nations arguing for free markets that regulated their business activities, not governments. Strong proponent of supply and demand, (laissez faire). His ideas would help shape the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s and 1900s.

Section 1 Activity Creating a Cartoon: Draw a cartoon to illustrate the ideas of one or more of the philosophes you read about in the section. Write a brief caption to accompany your cartoon. Page 448 (Skills Assessment) #’s 1,2 & 3 on the back page of your cartoon above.

Section 2 Enlightened despots – Were absolute rulers who used their power to reform society. Frederick the Great of Prussia. Catherine the Great of Russia. Joseph II of the Hapsburg Empire (modern Germany) Baroque – Art & architecture that were either in the Greek or Roman tradition, or in a grand, complex style. These were huge paintings that were colorful and full of excitement. Censorship – Restricting access to ideas and information. Salons – Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas. Rococo – Art that was personal, elegant, and charming.

The Lives of the majority Peasants during the Enlightenemnt Untouched by middle class culture Lived in small, rural villages. In the West: (Western Europe) No longer serfs. Rented or owned land. Hired as day laborers By late 1700’s some sought reform & justice. In the East: (Eastern Europe) Still serfs. Could be sold with land. Owed labor to lords Some forced to serve as soldiers.

Section 3 Britain at Mid-Century Constitutional Government – A government whose power is defined and limited by law. Cabinet – Parlimentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, or “cabinet”. Prime Minister – Head of the Cabinet. Leader of the majority party in Parliament and in time chief official of the British government. Oligarchy – A government where the ruling power belongs to a few people.

Section 3 Outline 1) Rise to Global Power A) Geography B) Success in War C Favorable business climate. 2) Growth of the Constitutional Governement a) Political Parties b) The Cabinet system c) The Prime Minister 3) Politics and Society 4) George III Reasserts Royal Power a) Personal Rule b) Cabinet rule restored

Section 3 1. Its island location made England well placed to control trade. Strong Navy. Good ports. 2. Each victory brought more territory and valuable rewards. 3. England made fewer restrictions on trade than France. 4. The union created a larger market for farmers and manufacturers. 5. Irish lands were taken by English and Scottish settlers.

Section 3 cont. 6. Tories and Whigs helped keep a balance between older traditions of the monarchy and the liberal policies of the Glorious Revolution. 7. The cabinet helped set policy but could be disbanded by a vote of the House of Commons. 8. The prime minister headed the cabinet and was the leader of the majority party of Parliament.

Section 4 Vocabulary Popular Sovereignty – all government power comes from the people. Loyalists – These are Americans who supported Britain. Federal Republic – Power divided between the Federal (National ) government and the states.

Section 4 Notes Navigation Acts – Laws passed by Parliament in England to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing.. Thomas Jefferson – Virginia planter. Principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Battle of Saratoga – Turning point for the Americans in the Revolutionary war. This victory for the Colonies convinced France to join their side against England. Treaty of Paris 1783 – Peace treaty between Britain and American colonies signed in Paris France. Bill of Rights – The first 10 amendments to the Constitution.