Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 6

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 2

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 3

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e A database is a logically organized collection of related data designed and built for a specific purpose File (table): collection of related records Records (row): collections of related fields Field (column): unit of data containing 1 or more characters Character [Byte]: a letter number or special character made of bits Bit: 0 or 1 4

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Key Field (primary key) – the field that uniquely identifies a record Often an identifying number, such as social security number or a student ID number Keys are used to sort records in different ways Primary keys must be unique make records distinguishable from one another Foreign keys appear in other tables and usually refer to primary keys in particular tables; they are used to relate one table to another (to cross-reference data) 5

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 6

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Database Management System (DBMS) Software written specifically to control the structure of a database and access to the data DBMS benefits: 1.Reduced data redundancy (redundant data is stored in multiple places, which causes problems keeping all the copies current) 2.Speed—Modern DBMSs are much faster than manual data-organization systems 3.Improved data integrity—The data is accurate, consistent, and up to date 4.Timeliness—The data can be supplied in a timely fashion— when people need it. 5.Ease of sharing—The data in a database is usually shared over a network by an entire organization. 7

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 6. Ease of data maintenance—DBMS offers backup utilities, and standard procedures for data inserting, updating, and deletion. 7. Forecasting capabilities—DBMSs can hold massive amounts of data that can be studied, and compared in order to forecast behaviors in markets and to support the decision making process. 8. Increased security—Although various departments may share data, access to specific information can be limited to selected users—called authorization control. 8

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 3 Principal Database Components Data Dictionary Repository that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of the data and the database DBMS Utilities Programs that allow you to maintain the database by creating, editing, deleting data, records, and files Report Generator Program for producing on-screen or printed readable documents from all or part of a database 9

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 10

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 1. Hierarchical Database Fields or records are arranged in related groups resembling a family tree with child (low-level) records subordinate to parent (high-level) records 2. Network Database Similar to a hierarchical database but more flexible- - each child record can have more than one parent record 3. Object-Oriented Database An object consists of: Data in any form, including audio, graphics, and video Instructions on the action to be taken with the data 11

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 4. Relational Database Data stored in tables (relations, or files) of rows (tuples, or records) and columns (attributes, or fields) More flexible than previous models; built with SQL Example for large systems is Oracle Example for microcomputers is Microsoft Access Users employ SQL (structured query language) to create, modify, maintain, and query the database 12

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 13

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Data mining is the computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data to extract hidden patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge Data and meta-data (data about the data) are transported to a data warehouse after some data fusion and data cleansing processes Data warehouse is a special database of cleaned-up data and meta-data 14

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 15 Data Mining

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 16

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) The buying and selling of products and services through computer networks Examples of some e-tailers (electronic retailers): amazon.com sells books and almost everything else priceline.com sells airline tickets and hotel rooms dell.com sells computers and other electronic items 17

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Innovative e-tailer technologies make online shopping easier 360-degree images Allow you to see all sides of an item Order tracking Codes are assigned to items being shipped that allow customers to track shipping progress via the internet Shop bots Programs that help users search for a particular product or service and then provide price comparisons 18

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Types of E-Commerce Business-to-Business (B2B) A business sells to other businesses using the internet or a private network Business-to-Consumer (B2C) A business sells goods or services directly to consumers Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Consumers sell goods or services directly to other consumers with the help of a third party, such as eBay 19

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 20

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e AI is a group of related technologies used to develop software and machines that emulate human qualities such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing Areas include: Expert systems Natural language processing Pattern recognition Robotics 21

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Expert Systems Also called knowledge-based system Three components of an expert system: Knowledge base: an expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject Inference engine: the software that controls the search of the expert system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions User interface: the display screen for the user to interact with the expert system 22

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e 23 Expert System

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Natural language processing Allows users to interact with a system using normal language The study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language Pattern recognition Involves a camera and software that identify visual patterns by mapping them against similar patterns stored in a database 24

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Robotics The development and study of machines that can perform work that is normally done by people Commonly found in factories and also in situations where people would be in danger Nuclear inspections Checking for land mines and bombs 25

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Using Information Technology, 10e Turing Test In 1950 Allen Turing predicted computers would eventually be able to mimic human thinking Turing test determines whether the computer is human Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer Judge converses via a computer terminal with two entities: one a person and one a computer Judge must determine who is the person and who is the computer If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent No computer system has yet passed the Turing test 26