NETCARE CRUISES 2014 & 2016

Our access to the ship NETCARE contributes 500,000$ over 5 years This gives us: 4 berths for atmospheric scientists for a full 42-d leg in 2014 and days to conduct NETCARE-specific work at the ice-edge (in coordination with POLAR 6 flights in 2014).

+ 16 days + 42 days ArcticNET 2013 EXPEDITION

4 Gourdal, pers. com. 3 nM5 nM 11 nM ARCTIC SOLAS DMS peak concentrations in August 2013

Potential partners for the 2014 cruise Why finding partners? Cover more of the cost of the ship time and by doing so departing earlier in June.

Potential partners for an Arctic spring bloom study GREEN-EDGE PROGRAM (Marcel Babin, CERC and UMI TAKUVIK) ARCTICNET ICEBERG PROGRAM (Jean-Éric Tremblay) To be discussed during the ArcticNET Annual Meeting, Halifax, Dec 9-13, ArcticNET cruise planning meeting : end of February usually in Montreal but planning will begin soon (Keith Levesque)

6 June 19 July 27 June 18=18= POLAR 6 18 June to July 9 NETCARE 2014 EXPEDITION ?

6 June 19 July 27 June NETCARE 2014 EXPEDITION ? POLAR 6 18 June to July 9

1.What are the sources of DMS at the ice edge in spring/summer and what is controlling the strength of these sources ? Activity III Key questions 9 Ice edge Leads Melt pounds Microlayer

10 ICE EDGE LOCATION ON JULY 20, 2002

Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May Adapted from Environment Canada 11

Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May 1980 Adapted from Environment Canada

Surface water circulation and sea ice distribution in Baffin Bay 13

14 Potentially interesting transects in and out the ice pack 100 km

Bottom ice algae Sub-ice algal mats Leads Ice-edge phytoplankton 25 Melt pond Deep chlorophyll maximum Under-ice phytoplankton bloom Under-ice melt dome QUESTIONS, CHALLENGES AND MEASUREMENTS Levasseur 2013

Main participants Michel Gosselin Lisa Miller Jennifer Murphy Ann-Lise Norman Allan Bertam Jon Abbatt

What oceanic and atmospheric conditions favour particle nucleation and growth arising from oceanic emissions? Contact: Abbatt, Bertram, Leaitch, Levasseur, Liggio, Murphy, Norman, Prather Key question 4 17 This question will be addressed during the Amundsen cruises. Instrumentation: Particle sizes and numbers: SMPS, APS, CPC Particle Hygroscopicity: CCNc, filters for subsequent IN analysis, microlayer samples for subsequent analysis Particle composition: AIM-IC (soluble ions, PM2.5), MOUDI for S isotopes Gas phase composition: CIMS (H3O+ and ?acetate), AIM-IC, CO2, GC for off-line samples Note: We have decided to not do on-board aerosol generation experiments in 2014, but we will collect SML samples and do seawater bubbling experiments.

Questions 1. What drives new particle formation and growth events in the summertime Arctic? Observations of aerosol size distributions (SMPS), gas phase DMS (GC, CIMS), NH3, SO2, amines (AIM-IC and CIMS), other gases (GC, CIMS) and particle composition (ammonium, MSA, sulfate; AIM-IC). We are not measuring H2SO4. 2. Can we examine local heterogeneity in aerosol numbers or size distributions by deploying particle counting instruments out on the ice or near melt ponds? We need to secure these instruments still. 3. Can we measure DMS in these ice or melt pond environments, by collection on cartridges and off-line GC analysis? Do we have the ability to do this? What do we need? 4. What is the aerosol composition, what is its degree of acidity neutralization, and can we derive its sources, in particular the biogenic vs fossil fuel fraction of the sulfur component? AIM-IC measurements of aerosol and sulfur isotope work. We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate. 5. Do well do we understand the partitioning of sulfur species between the different components in this Arctic environment, e.g. DMS, DMSO, SO2, MSA, sulfate. (CIMS, AIM-IC) We are not measuring H2SO4. 18

6. What is the aerosol hygroscopicity? (CCNc) We do not have aerosol composition at the 100 nm size. 7. What can we infer about sources and sinks of gases with respect to the ocean, e.g. acetone, DMS, methanol, ? DMSO, ? alkyl halides, ? NH3. We can compare measured mixing ratios in the atmosphere to values measured by degassing seawater. We are not measuring fluxes. 8. What are the immersion IN levels in the ambient central Arctic? (Collect filters with subsequent analysis after the cruise.) Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters? How stable are the samples on the filters? 9. Does the sea-surface microlayer harbour IN? (Collect SML samples with subsequent analysis after the cruise.) Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters? 10. Is there evidence of organic gas phase chemistry occurring driven by oceanic emissions? Measurements of isoprene, terpenes, organic acids, MVK/MACR. (CIMS) We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate. 19

NETCARE STAFF ON THE AMUNDSEN Water column and sea ice measurements Leg 1 Levasseur Lizotte, U Laval (DMS dynamics) Gourdal Gosselin, UQAR (sea ice ecology, marine biology) +Student Tremblay, U Laval (marine biogeochemistry) +Tech Gratton, INRS-ETE (physical oceanography) Miller, DFO (microlayer and sea ice biogeochemistry Atmospheric measurements Abbatt, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements) Murphy, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements) Norman, U Calgary (atmospheric DMS, SO 4 2- and biogenic aerosol measurements) + Bertram, UBC (IN measurements, no person on board) + Liggio, EC (trace gas measurements, to be decided for 2014) + Prather (aerosol generation experiments, perhaps in 2016?) Ocean-atmosphere fluxes measurements Papakyriakou, U Manitoba (sea ice and sea surface gas fluxes) Staebler, EC (ocean-atmosphere flux measurements)

NETCARE CRUISES 2014 & 2016 OPEN DISCUSSION

Some other questions to consider: 1. Biological analyses of filter samples, e.g. of bacteria? Is this even possible? How do we interpret the IN measurements without complementary analyses? 2. Is it possible to measure H2SO4 by CIMS? 3. Is it possible to assess fluxes in some way? Need to be in touch with Tim P about what he is doing with DMS fluxes. 4. Is it necessary to try to get MOUDI samples of aerosol composition to support the hygroscopicity measurements? 5. How well can we measure dissolved species in seawater with CIMS? 6. Is there any way that we can do organic aerosol better? Is there any reason to do this? 7. What else can CIMS and GC measure, such as DMSO, other S species, and alkyl halides? 22

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25 Gourdal, pers. com. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DMS AT STATION 101

26 Motard-Côté et al nM 1.8 nM0.5 nM ARCTIC SOLAS DMS peak concentrations in September 2008

27 What is the fate of this DMSP and DMS? (Observations from Allen Bay, 2011) Galindo et al. submitted Under-ice bloom ice