A U D I T I N G A RISK-BASED APPROACH TO CONDUCTING A QUALITY AUDIT 9 th Edition Karla M. Johnstone | Audrey A. Gramling | Larry E. Rittenberg Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning CHAPTER 13 AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the significant accounts, disclosures, and relevant assertions in auditing debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions 2. Identify and assess inherent risks of material misstatement associated with debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions 3. Identify and assess fraud risks of material misstatement associated with debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4. Identify and assess control risks of material misstatement associated with debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions 5. Describe how to use preliminary analytical procedures to identify possible material misstatements associated with debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions 6. Determine appropriate responses to identified risks of material misstatement in auditing debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 7. Determine appropriate tests of controls and consider the results of tests of controls in auditing debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions 8. Determine and apply sufficient appropriate substantive audit procedures in auditing debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 9. Apply the frameworks for professional decision making and ethical decision making to issues involving the audit of debt obligations and stockholders’ equity transactions

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-6 THE AUDIT OPINION FORMULATION PROCESS

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-7 PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN CONTEXT - DEFICIENCIES IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS Debt Obligations It was identified that Soyo group was not in compliance with three of its six debt covenants with UCB as of December 31, 2007 Audit team: Did not follow up on identified debt covenant violations Did not obtain evidence indicating whether a waiver had been granted by UCB

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-8 PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN CONTEXT - DEFICIENCIES IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS Audit work papers did not provide any evidence that audit team considered whether these violations could impact the going concern status of Soyo Audit report for 2007 included an unqualified opinion

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 13-9 PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN CONTEXT - DEFICIENCIES IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS Adjustments to Stockholders’ Equity Accounts: Delphi Corporation Accused of violations related to improperly accounting for an increase in warranty reserves related to warranty claims made by its former parent company Misclassification of the reserve (as a direct adjustment to retained earnings) increase resulted in materially overstating its net income for 2000 by $69 million

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN CONTEXT - DEFICIENCIES IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS What are the risks of material misstatement associated with debt obligations and stockholders’ equity accounts? (LO 2, 3, 4) What are the typical substantive procedures that auditors should perform when auditing debt obligations and stockholders’ equity accounts? (LO 8) How could a lack of appropriate professional skepticism by auditors lead to material misstatements related to debt obligations and stockholders’ equity accounts? (LO 2, 3, 5, 6, 8)

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFY THE SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTS, DISCLOSURES, AND RELEVANT ASSERTIONS IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning RELEVANT ACCOUNTS WHEN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS Bonds payable Interest expense Gains or losses on refinancing debt Notes payable Mortgages payable

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS Objective - Determining whether all obligations are recorded and properly classified Relevant assertions Proper valuation of premium or discount Valuation of gains or losses on refinancing debt Proper presentation and disclosure, including important restrictions contained in the debt obligations

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning ACTIVITIES RELATED TO DEBT OBLIGATIONS Bond issuance and amortization schedules Periodic payments and interest expense Debt covenants

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning BOND INDENTURE Contract between an issuer of bonds and the bondholder stating: Time period before repayment Amount of interest paid Bond being convertible (and if so, at what price or what ratio) Bond being callable Amount of money that is to be repaid

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DEBT COVENANTS Restrictions in debt agreements aimed at protecting the lender by restricting the activities of the borrower Common Restrictions Maintenance of a minimum level of retained earnings before dividends can be paid Maintenance of a minimum working-capital ratio Specification of a maximum debt-equity ratio Specific callable provisions identifying procedures for calling and retiring debt at prespecified prices and dates

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning RELEVANT ACCOUNTS FOR AUDITING STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Stock accounts (common, preferred, and treasury) Additional paid-in capital Dividend accounts Retained earnings

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning TRANSACTIONS AFFECTING STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY New stock issuancesPurchase of treasury stockDeclaration and payment of dividendsGrants of stock options and warrantsExercises and expirations of stock options and warrantsTransfer of net income to retained earningsRecording of prior-period adjustments to retained earnings

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning VALUATION ASSERTION FOR STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY When issuing stock for noncash, difficulties arise in determining Whether the market value of the stock issued or of the asset acquired is a better representation of value The proper accounting for an exchange of stock to acquire another business Stock options - Measured at the fair value of the option

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE ASSERTION FOR STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Requires proper description of: Each class of stock outstanding and number of shares authorized, issued, and outstanding and special rights associated with them Stock options outstanding and convertible features Existence of stock warrants Any restrictions or appropriations of retained earnings Prior-period adjustments and other comprehensive income adjustments

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT BALANCE SHEET DISCLOSURE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE ASSERTION FOR STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Potential dilutive effect of following should be disclosed in accordance with relevant accounting guidance Convertible debt or preferred stock Stock options Warrants

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT INCOME STATEMENT DISCLOSURE OF EARNINGS PER SHARE, ASSUMING DILUTION

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFY AND ASSESS INHERENT RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PERFORMING RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES Obtaining information about inherent risks At financial statement level and at account and assertion levels Fraud risks including feedback from audit team brainstorming sessions Strengths and weaknesses in internal control Results from preliminary analytical procedures

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFYING INHERENT RISKS - DEBT OBLIGATIONS Incurring debt that is not properly authorized or reviewed Authorization of debt New debt, debt extinguishments, or debt payment transactions not being properly authorized Receipt of funds Interest expense not being properly recorded or accrued Debt not being recorded in accordance with GAAP Recording of debt transactions Risk of debt covenants not being calculate accurately Risk of compliance with debt covenants not being appropriately reviewed and disclosed Compliance with any debt covenants

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT INHERENT RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACTIVITIES

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT INHERENT RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACTIVITIES

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFY AND ASSESS FRAUD RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFYING FRAUD RISK FACTORS - DEBT OBLIGATIONS Violations of debt covenants are not disclosed Debt obligations are not properly authorized Long-term or short-term debt is misclassified Interest expense either not recorded, misclassified, or recorded: In the wrong period At the wrong amount Entire loan payments are charged to either principal or interest

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFYING FRAUD RISK FACTORS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Expenses charged directly to retained earnings rather than to appropriate expense accounts Stock sales or issuances: Not authorized or recorded Violate debt covenants Stock options are: Not authorized or in accordance with terms of options granted Backdated

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFYING FRAUD RISK FACTORS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Dividends are paid: In violation of restrictive covenants To wrong parties or at incorrect amounts Proceeds from stock sales are misappropriated

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFY AND ASSESS CONTROL RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning IDENTIFYING CONTROL RISKS At entity-wide level, auditor considers: Control environment Commitment to financial accounting competencies Independence of the board of directors Other entity-wide components of internal control Risk assessment Information and communication Monitoring controls

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning CONTROLS - DEBT OBLIGATIONS Board of directors approves all new debt Debt and interest accounts are updated and reconciled to the general ledger on a monthly basis Review of draft financial statements prior to issuance for proper disclosure of debt obligations A debt amortization schedule is: Prepared for each new debt obligation Updated as appropriate Reviewed by appropriate personnel

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning CONTROLS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS Board of directors approves all stock transactions CEO and CFO authorize approved stock transactions Stockholders’ equity accounts are updated and reconciled to the general ledger on a timely basis Top management and the board of directors review draft financial statements prior to issuance for proper disclosure of equity accounts

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning CONTROLS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS An outside party maintains details of shares issued, repurchased, and cancelled Accountant researches and analyzes proper accounting for stock option grants Organization’s legal counsel and CFO review and approve the analysis

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DOCUMENTING CONTROLS Can be done in any of the following formats Control matrix Control risk assessment questionnaire Memo

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DESCRIBE HOW TO USE PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE MATERIAL MISSTATEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Help identify areas of potential misstatements For debt obligations Trend analysis of: Balances in notes payable Interest expense Accrued interest with prior periods Estimate interest expense based on average interest rates and average debt outstanding

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Calculate debt-to-equity ratios and perform a trend analysis with prior periods Calculate the times interest earned ratio and perform a trend analysis with prior periods For stockholders’ equity accounts Compare current year account balances with prior- year account balances

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DETERMINE APPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO IDENTIFIED RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DETERMINING APPROPRIATE AUDIT PROCEDURES Debt accounts - Substantive procedures are typically appropriate because: Number of transactions is relatively small Dollar amounts involved are usually quite material Stockholders’ equity transactions - Substantive approach using only tests of details is typically appropriate Number of equity transactions with outside parties is normally small

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DETERMINE APPROPRIATE TESTS OF CONTROLS AND CONSIDER THE RESULTS OF TESTS OF CONTROLS IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning OBTAINING EVIDENCE ABOUT INTERNAL CONTROL OPERATING EFFECTIVENESS Involves testing both entity-wide and transaction controls Tests of transaction controls Inquiry of personnel performing the control Observation of control being performed Inspection of documentation confirming that the control has been performed Reperformance of the control by the auditor testing the control

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DETERMINE AND APPLY SUFFICIENT APPROPRIATE SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES IN AUDITING DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES - DEBT OBLIGATIONS Involves developing an independent expectation of interest expense Expectation based on: Average debt outstanding Average interest rates Use data disaggregated by type of debt If test of controls are not performed Information used to perform analytical procedure is confirmed with an independent outside party

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT PANEL A: SUBSTANTIVE ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES APPROACH TO OBTAINING AUDIT EVIDENCE FOR COMPLETENESS OF INTEREST EXPENSE

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT PANEL B: SUBSTANTIVE ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND TESTS OF DETAILS APPROACH TO OBTAINING AUDIT EVIDENCE FOR COMPLETENESS OF INTEREST EXPENSE

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - DEBT OBLIGATIONS Reading new loan agreements Determining any changes that have been made to prior loan agreements Confirming with relevant outside parties the significant factors and transactions that have occurred

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning EXHIBIT RELEVANT MANAGEMENT ASSERTIONS AND SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES FOR DEBT OBLIGATIONS

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANIVE PROCEDURES - DEBT AND BOND COVENANTS Auditor should: Obtain an understanding of the procedures the client uses to determine whether they are in compliance with their debt covenants Then independently determine if the client is in compliance If not in compliance, auditor should assess the effects of the violation

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS Reviewing a copy of client’s articles of incorporation Preparing, or asking client to prepare, an analysis of all capital stock transactions Inspecting documentation related to client’s record keeping of capital stock and contributed capital maintained by the client or held by a transfer agent Transfer agent: An organization used by a client to: Maintain records of investors and account balances and transactions Cancel and issue certificates and process investor mailings

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS Obtaining evidence related to the valuation of capital stock Reviewing the minutes of the board of directors meetings Examining the stock records books Obtaining evidence for all capital stock transactions Tracing proceeds to cash receipts journal and reviewing documentation

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS For stock issued in a nonmonetary transaction Determining that client has properly recorded issuance in accordance with GAAP For clients with treasury stock Examining documentation supporting changes in number of shares since prior year

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning AUDITING IN PRACTICE - DEFICIENCIES IN SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES RELATED TO EQUITY TRANSACTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM THE PCAOB Auditors failed to: Evaluate whether clients had appropriately determined the fair values assigned to equity-based transactions Test reasonableness of fair values Evaluate adequacy of disclosure of equity transactions in the notes to the financial statements Determine whether the equity transactions were recorded in the proper period

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning AUDITING IN PRACTICE - DEFICIENCIES IN SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES RELATED TO EQUITY TRANSACTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM THE PCAOB Address and evaluate the substance, business purpose, or significant terms of the equity arrangements Consider the accounting principles potentially applicable to the equity transactions

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - DIVIDENDS Examine minutes of board of directors meetings for authorization of dividend per share amount and dividend record date For clients maintaining their own records and paying the dividends Auditor need to recalculate the amount of the dividends and agree that amount to the cash disbursements journal For client using a transfer agent: Trace the payment to a cash disbursement made by the client to the agent

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF DETAILS - RETAINED EARNINGS Examine transactions recorded in retained earnings account during audit period Common entries include net income or loss These amounts tested through substantive audit procedures related to revenues and expenses Other common entry includes dividends Auditor should review documentation for any additional entries

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning FRAUD-RELATED SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES FOR DEBT OBLIGATIONS Search public records to identify debt obligations Vouch and trace loan proceeds and debt payments Send confirmations to lenders and creditors, and confirmation of compliance with any debt covenants Require original supporting documents Agree detail of debt terms to authorization in minutes of board meetings

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning FRAUD-RELATED SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES FOR STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY ACCOUNTS Confirm terms of equity arrangements and shares held directly with shareholders Confirm with shareholders regarding any side agreements Employ an appropriate level of professional skepticism and carefully analyze transactions Confirm with the transfer agent information on issued stock Account for and vouch all proceeds from stock issues

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DOCUMENTING SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES - FOR DEBT OBLIGATIONS Copies of the debt agreements Identification of specific items tested Schedule of debt obligations and interest A summary of the calculations supporting compliance with debt covenants Confirmations or documentation of alternative procedures performed

Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning DOCUMENTING SUBSTANTIVE PROCEDURES - FOR STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY TRANSACTIONS Client’s articles of incorporation A summary of changes in equity accounts Verification of authorization with respect to any changes in capitalization or declaration of dividends Confirmations with transfer agent or shareholders