1. Corporations: Organization, Stock Transactions, and Dividends
Chapter 11
Student Version
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2. Describe the nature of the corporate form of organization.
Learning Objective 1
Describe the nature of the corporate form of organization.

3. Characteristics of a Corporation
LO 1
Characteristics of a Corporation
A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity, a corporation may acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name.
A corporation sells shares of ownership, called stock.

4. Characteristics of a Corporation
LO 1
Characteristics of a Corporation
The stockholders or shareholders who own the stock own the corporation. They can buy and sell stock without affecting the corporation’s operations or continued existence.

5. Characteristics of a Corporation
LO 1
Characteristics of a Corporation
Corporations whose shares of stock are traded in public markets are called public corporations.
Corporations whose shares are not traded publicly are usually owned by a small group of investors and are called nonpublic or private corporations. The stockholders of all corporations have limited liability.

6. Characteristics of a Corporation
LO 1
Characteristics of a Corporation
A corporation has separate legal existence from its owners.
A corporation has transferable units of ownership.
A corporation has limited stockholders’ liability.
A corporation is subject to taxes. Thus, the corporate form has the disadvantage of double taxation.

7. LO 1
Forming a Corporation
After the application is approved, the state grants a charter or articles of incorporation, which formally create the corporation.
Management and the board of directors then prepare bylaws, which are operating rules and procedures for conducting the corporation’s affairs.

8. Learning Objective 2
Describe and illustrate the characteristics of stock, classes of stock, and entries for issuing stock.

9. Characteristics of Stock
LO 2
Characteristics of Stock
The number of shares of stock that a corporation is authorized to issue is stated in the charter.
The term issued refers to the shares issued to the stockholders.
A corporation may reacquire some of the stock that has been issued. The stock remaining in the hands of stockholders is then called outstanding stock.

10. Characteristics of Stock
LO 2
Characteristics of Stock
Corporations may issue stock certificates to stockholders to document their ownership.
Shares of stock are often assigned a dollar amount, called par value.
Some corporations have stopped issuing stock certificates except on special request.

11. Characteristics of Stock
LO 2
Characteristics of Stock
Stock issued without par is called no-par stock. Some states require the board of directors to assign a stated value to no-par stock.
Some state laws require that corporations maintain a minimum stockholder contribution, called legal capital, to protect creditors.

12. Characteristics of Stock
LO 2
Characteristics of Stock
The major rights that accompany ownership of a share of stock are:
The right to vote in matters concerning the corporation.
The right to share in distributions of earnings.
The right to share in assets upon liquidation.

13. LO 2
Classes of Stock
The two primary classes of paid-in capital are common stock and preferred stock.
The primary attractiveness of preferred stock is that it is given a preference to dividends over common stock.

14. LO 2
Classes of Stock
Cumulative preferred stock has a right to receive regular dividends that were not declared (paid) in prior years.
Noncumulative preferred stock does not have this right.
Cumulative preferred stock dividends that have not been paid in prior years are said to be in arrears.

15. LO 2
Issuing Stock
A corporation is authorized to issue 10,000 shares of preferred stock, $100 par, and 100,000 shares of common stock, $20 par. One-half of each class of authorized shares is issued at par for cash.

16. LO 2
Issuing Stock
If the stock is issued (sold) for a price that is more than its par, the stock has been sold at a premium.
If the stock is issued (sold) for a price that is less than its par, the stock has been sold at a discount.

17. LO 2
Premium on Stock
Caldwell Company issues 2,000 shares of $50 par preferred stock for cash at $55.

18. LO 2
Premium on Stock
A corporation acquired land for which the fair market value cannot be determined. In exchange for the land, the corporation issued 10,000 shares of $10 par common that had a current market value of $12.

19. LO 2
No-Par Stock
On January 9, a corporation issues 10,000 shares of no-par common stock at $40 a share. On June 27, the corporation issues an additional 1,000 shares at $36.

20. LO 2
No-Par Stock
Using the same data as in the previous transaction, assume that the stock is assigned a stated value of $25.

21. Learning Objective 3
Describe and illustrate the accounting for cash dividends and stock dividends.

22. LO 3
Cash Dividends
A cash distribution of earnings by a corporation to its stockholders is called a cash dividend. The three conditions a corporation must meet to pay a cash dividend are:
Sufficient retained earnings
Sufficient cash
Formal action by the board of directors

23. LO 3
Cash Dividends
The date of declaration is the date the board of directors formally authorized the payment of the dividend. On this date, the corporation incurs the liability to pay the amount of the dividend.
The date of record is the date the corporation uses to determine which stockholders will receive the dividend.

24. LO 3
Cash Dividends
The date of payment is the date the corporation will pay the dividends to the stockholders who owned the stock on the date of record.

25. LO 3
Cash Dividends
On October 1, Hiber Corporation declares the cash dividends shown below with a date of record of November 10 and a date of payment of December 2.

26. LO 3
Cash Dividends
On October 1, the declaration date, Hiber Corporation records the following entry:
On November 10, the date of record, no entry is required, since this date merely determines which stockholders will receive the dividends.

27. LO 3
Cash Dividends
On December 2, the date of payment, Hiber Corporation records the payment of the dividends as follows:

28. LO 3
Stock Dividends
A distribution of dividends to stockholders in the form of the firm’s own shares is called a stock dividend. Stock dividends normally are declared only on common stock and issued to common stockholders.

29. LO 3
Stock Dividends
On December 15, the board of directors of Hendrix Corporation declares a 5 percent stock dividend of 100,000 shares (2,000,000 shares × 5%) to be issued on January 10 to stockholders of record on December 31. The market price on the declaration date is $31 per share.

30. LO 3
Stock Dividends
The entry to record the declaration of the 5 percent stock dividend is as follows:

31. LO 3
Stock Dividends
On January 10, the stock dividend is distributed to stockholders by issuing 100,000 shares of common stock. The following entry records the issue of the stock:

32. Learning Objective 4
Describe and illustrate the accounting for treasury stock transactions.

33. Treasury Stock Transactions
LO 4
Treasury Stock Transactions
Treasury stock is stock that a corporation has issued and then reacquired. A corporation may purchase its own stock for a variety of reasons, including:
To provide shares for resale to employees,
To reissue as bonuses to employees, or
To support the market price of the stock

34. Treasury Stock Transactions
LO 4
Treasury Stock Transactions
On February 13, a firm purchased 1,000 shares of treasury stock (common stock, $25 par) at $45 per share. The cost method for accounting for treasury stock is used. The entry to record the purchase of the treasury stock is as follows:

35. Treasury Stock Transactions
LO 4
Treasury Stock Transactions
On April 29, the corporation sells 600 shares of the treasury stock for $60. The entry to record the sale is as follows:
The amount (per share) debited to Treasury Stock when purchased is the amount per share that must be credited to that account when sold (600 x $45).

36. Treasury Stock Transactions
LO 4
Treasury Stock Transactions
On October 4, the corporation sells the remaining 400 shares of treasury stock for $40 per share. The entry to record the sale is as follows:

37. Describe and illustrate the reporting of stockholders’ equity.
Learning Objective 5
Describe and illustrate the reporting of stockholders’ equity.

38. Reporting Retained Earnings
LO 5
Reporting Retained Earnings
Changes to retained earnings may be reported using one of the following:
Separate retained earnings statement
Combined income and retained earnings statement
Statement of stockholders’ equity

39. LO 5
Restrictions
Restrictions of retained earnings are classified as follows:
Legal. State laws may require a restriction of retained earnings.
Contractual. A corporation may enter into contracts that require restrictions of retained earnings.
Discretionary. A corporation’s board of directors may restrict retained earnings voluntarily.

40. Prior Period Adjustments
LO 5
Prior Period Adjustments
Errors may not be discovered within the same period in which they occur. The correction of this type of error, called a prior period adjustment, is reported in the retained earnings statement as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings.

41. Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
LO 5
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
When the only change to stockholders’ equity is due to net income or net loss and dividends, a retained earnings statement is sufficient.
When a corporation also has changes in stock and paid-in capital accounts, a statement of stockholders’ equity is normally prepared.

42. Describe the effect of stock splits on corporate financial statements.
Learning Objective 6
Describe the effect of stock splits on corporate financial statements.

43. LO 6
Stock Splits
A stock split is a process by which a corporation reduces the par or stated value of its common stock and issues a proportionate number of additional shares.

44. Learning Objective 7
Describe and illustrate the use of earnings per share in evaluating a company’s profitability.

45. LO 7
Earnings per Share
Earnings per common share (EPS), sometimes called basic earnings per share, is the net income per share of common stock outstanding during a period.
Earnings per share is computed as follows:
Earnings per Share =
Net Income – Preferred Dividends
Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding

46. Corporations: Organization, Stock Transactions, and Dividends
The End