Unit 7: Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 19 Electricity 19.1 Electric Circuits 19.2 Current and Voltage 19.3 Electrical Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Chapter 19 Objectives Describe the difference between current and voltage. Describe the connection between voltage, current, and resistance. Describe the function of a battery in a circuit. Make calculations and inferences in a circuit using Ohm’s law. Draw and interpret a circuit diagram with wires, battery, bulb, and switch. Give examples and applications of conductors, insulators.

Chapter 19 Vocabulary Terms electricity electric current voltage resistance Ohm’s law battery open circuit closed circuit circuit diagram electrical conductor wire volt electrical symbols Wire Load Bulb Switches Battery Cell voltmeter ohm resistor ammeter electrical insulator electric circuit amperes (amps)

19.1 Electric Circuits Key Question: What is an electric circuit?

19.1 Electric Circuits Electricity refers to the presence of electric current in wires, motors, light bulbs, and other devices. Electric current is similar to a current of water, but electric current flows in solid metal wires so it is not visible. Electric current can carry a lot of power.

19.1 Electric Circuits An electric circuit is something that provides a complete path through which electricity travels. Wires in electric circuits are similar in some ways to pipes and hoses that carry water.

19.1 Electric Circuits When drawing a circuit diagram, symbols are used to represent each part of the circuit. These electrical symbols are quicker and easier to draw than realistic pictures of the components.

19.2 Current and Voltage Key Question: How does current move through a circuit?

19.2 Current and voltage Electric current is measured in units called amperes, or amps (A) for short. One amp is a flow of a certain quantity of electricity in one second. The amount of electric current entering a circuit always equals the amount exiting the circuit.

19.2 Voltage Voltage is a measure of electric potential energy, just like height is a measure of gravitational potential energy. Voltage can also be referred to as potential difference Voltage is measured in volts (V). Did you know that…… a voltage difference of 1 volt means 1 amp of current does 1 joule of work in 1 second.

19.2 Voltage The positive end of a 1.5 volt battery is 1.5 volts higher than the negative end. If you connect batteries positive-to-negative, each battery adds 1.5 volts to the total. Three batteries make 4.5 volts. Each unit of current coming out of the positive end of the three-battery stack has 4.5 joules of energy.

19.2 Measuring voltage of a cell Set the meter to DC volts. Touch the red (+) lead of the meter to the (+) battery terminal. Touch the black (-) lead of the meter to the (-) battery terminal. Adjust the meter dial as necessary.

19.2 Measuring voltage in a circuit Measure the voltage across the battery exactly as before. DO NOT DISCONNECT THE CIRCUIT. NOTE: Since voltage is measured from one point to another, we usually assign the negative terminal of a battery to be zero volts (0 V). Use the other lead to check the voltage on each side of the bulbs in your two bulb series and two bulb parallel circuits

19.2 Current and voltage A battery uses chemical energy to create a voltage difference between its two terminals. In a battery, chemical reactions provide the energy to pump the current from low voltage to high voltage. A fully charged battery adds energy proportional to its voltage.

19.2 What does a battery do? A battery uses chemical energy to move charges. If you connect a circuit with a battery the charges flow out of the battery carrying energy.

19.2 How do these batteries differ? Some are smaller and don't store as much energy. Other batteries made with Ni and Cd can be recharged. Which battery above has the greatest voltage capacity?

19.2 Current is a flow of charge

19.3 Electrical resistance Resistance measures how difficult it is for current to flow.

19.3 Electrical Resistance The total amount of electrical resistance in a circuit determines the amount of current that in the circuit for a given voltage. The more resistance the circuit has, the less current that flows.

19.3 The ohm Resistance is measured in ohms (W). One ohm is the resistance when a voltage of 1 volt is applied with a current of 1 amp.

19.3 Ohm's law German physicist Georg Ohm experimented with circuits to find an exact mathematical relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Ohm's law can be used to predict any one of the three variable if given the other two.

19.3 Calculate current 1) You are asked for the current. 2) You are given the voltage and resistance. 3) Ohm’s law relates current, voltage, and resistance 4) Solve: I = (1.5 V) ÷ (2 Ω) = 0.75 A The light bulb draws 0.75 amps of electric current. A light bulb with a resistance of 2 ohms is connected in a circuit that has a single 1.5-volt battery. Calculate the current that flows in the circuit. Assume the wires have zero resistance.

19.3 The resistance of electrical devices The resistance of electrical devices ranges from very small (0.001 Ω) to very large (10×106 Ω). Each device is designed with a resistance that allows the right amount of current to flow when connected to the voltage the device was designed for.

19.3 Changing resistance The resistance of many materials, including those in light bulbs, increases as temperature increases. A graph of current versus voltage for a light bulb shows a curve. A device with constant resistance would show a straight line on this graph.

19.3 Electrical Conductivity The electrical conductivity describes a material’s ability to pass electric current.

19.3 Conductors and insulators A material such as copper is called a conductor because it can conduct, or carry, electric current. Materials that insulate against (or block) the flow of current are classified as electrical insulators. Some materials are neither conductors nor insulators. These materials are named semiconductors.