Vibrations and Waves Chapter 11
Simple Harmonic Motion Chapter 11 Section 1
Periodic Motion Any repetitive, or cyclical, types of motion Examples? Simple Harmonic Motion is a specialized form of periodic motion
Simple Harmonic Motion Periodic vibration around an equilibrium position Restoring force must be proportional to displacement from equilibrium in the direction of equilibrium
Restoring Force The push or pull that brings the mass back towards equilibrium The restoring force of a pendulum is a component of the bob’s weight. The restoring force for a mass-spring system is from the stretch (or compression) of the spring
Simple Harmonic Motion Common examples include a mass-spring system or a pendulum For a pendulum, SHM only for small angles (within 10 degrees of vertical)
Describe speed, acceleration, and restoring force at each point. Relaxed Length Describe speed, acceleration, and restoring force at each point.
Describe speed, acceleration, and restoring force at each point.
Virtual Simple Harmonic Motion http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Pendulum_Lab http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Masses_and_Springs
Measuring Simple Harmonic Motion Chapter 11 Section 2
Amplitude The maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Period The time it takes for one complete cycle of motion. Represented by the symbol T Unit of seconds
Frequency The number of cycles completed in a unit of time (usually seconds) Represented by the symbol f Unit of s-1 (also known as Hertz)
Period and Frequency f = 1/T and T = 1/f Period and frequency are inversely related. f = 1/T and T = 1/f
A mass spring system completes 10 cycles each second. What is the period? 1/10 s What is the frequency? 10 cycles per second (10 Hz)
Factors Affecting Pendulums For small amplitudes, the period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass or amplitude. Length does affect the period of a pendulum.
Factors Affecting Mass-Spring Systems The heavier the mass, the longer the period (more inertia) The stiffer the spring, the less time it will take to complete one cycle.
11.2 Problems Page 379 all Page 381 all except for #3 on Section Review
Chapter 11 Section 3 Properties of Waves
Some general terminology… Pulse – a single disturbance, single cycle Periodic wave – continuous, repeated disturbances Sine wave – a wave whose source vibrates with simple harmonic motion Medium – whatever the wave is traveling through
Wave Motion A wave is the motion of energy away from a source of periodic disturbance. Mechanical waves require a physical medium to travel through. Examples: sound, disturbance in a slinky Examples of physical media are water, air, string, slinky.
Electromagnetic waves Do not require a physical medium. Examples include x-rays, visible light, radio waves, etc.
Transverse Waves Particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer You should be able to identify crests, troughs, wavelength (distance traveled during one full cycle), and amplitude Crest Trough
Longitudinal Waves Particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of energy transfer (slinky demo) Be able to Identify compressions, rarefactions, wavelengths Compressions Rarefactions
Waves transfer energy Note that, while energy is transferred from point A to point B, the particles in the medium do not move from A to B. Individual particles of the medium merely vibrate back and forth in simple harmonic motion The rate of energy transfer is proportional to the square of the amplitude When amplitude is doubled, the energy carried increases by a factor of 4.
Wave speed Wave speed is determined completely by the characteristics of the medium For an unchanging medium, wave speed is constant Calculate speed of a wave by multiplying wavelength by frequency. v = f x λ
Practice #1 Q: Microwaves travel at the speed of light, 3.00108 m/s. When the frequency of microwaves is 9.00 109 Hz, what is their wavelength? A: 0.0300 m
Practice #2 Q: The piano string tuned to middle C vibrates with a frequency of 264 Hz. Assuming the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, find the wavelength of the sound waves produced by the string. A: 1.30 m
11.3 Problems Page 387 1-4 Page 388 1-5
Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Section 4
Interference The combination of two or more waves in a medium at the same time. Matter cannot occupy the same space at the same time, but energy can. The Superposition Principle describes what happens when waves interfere… Waves (energy) pass through each other completely unaffected The medium will be displaced an amount equal to the vector sum of what the waves would have done individually
Constructive Interference Waves are on the same side of equilibrium. Waves meet, combine according to the superposition principle, and pass through unchanged. Amplitude larger than originals
Destructive Interference Waves are on the opposite sides of equilibrium. Waves meet, combine according to the superposition principle, and pass through unchanged. Amplitude smaller than at least one original wave
Complete Destructive Interference
Interference patterns Interference patterns result from continuous interference. Check it out!
Reflection The bouncing of a wave when it encounters the boundary between two different media
Fixed End Reflection At a fixed boundary, waves are inverted as they are reflected.
Free End Reflection At a free boundary, waves are reflected on the same side of equilibrium
Standing Waves A wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere.
Standing wave parts Node – point that maintains zero displacement Antinode – point at which largest displacement occurs
Standing waves Only certain frequencies produce standing wave patterns.
If a string is 4.0 m long, what are three wavelengths that will produce standing waves on this string?