1 Chapter 49 Neurotransmitters and Disorders of the Basal Ganglia Copyright © 2012, American Society for Neurochemistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 FIGURE 49-1: Simplified diagram demonstrating the anatomical connections within the basal ganglia circuitry. Abbreviations: GPe, external pallidal segment; STN, subthalamic nucleus; GPi, internal pallidal segment; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus; CM, centromedian nucleus of the thalamus; VA, ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus; VL, ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Grey arrows denote excitatory connections, black arrows identify inhibitory (GABAergic) connections. Figure from Galvan et al., Clin Neurophysiol 119:1459–1474 (2008), with permission. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Neurochemistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3 FIGURE 49-2: Synthesis and metabolism of dopamine. MAO, monoamine oxidase; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; HVA,: homovanillic acid; DOPAC, 3,4–dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Neurochemistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4 FIGURE 49-3: Changes in the activity of single cells in GPe, STN or GPi of MPTP-treated monkeys. Shown are examples of separate neurons, recorded with standard methods for extracellular electrophysiologic recording in normal and parkinsonian animals. Each data segment is 5 seconds in duration. Figure from Galvan et al., Clin Neurophysiol 119:1459–1474 (2008), with permission. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Neurochemistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5 FIGURE 49-4: A. Huntingtin distribution in a normal control in cortex (visualized using an antibody recognizing the internal epitope of the huntingtin molecule). B. Huntingtin aggregates in cortex a patient with Huntingtons disease (visualized with an antibody recognizing the N-terminal epitope of huntingtin). Both images were taken at same magnification. Courtesy of Dr. Claire-Anne Gutekunst (Emory University). Copyright © 2012, American Society for Neurochemistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.