Chapter 11 Hedging, Insuring, and Diversifying 1. Using Forward and Futures contracts to Hedge Risk ☆ Forward contract ( 远期合约 ) -- Two parties agree to exchange some item in the future at a prearranged price. -- Example pp The main features of forward contracts and some items Forward price Spot price Face value Short position Long position

-- continued ☆ Futures contract （期货合约） -- A variant of the forward contract takes place on financial exchanges, this contracts on exchanges are usually called Futures contract. It is a standardized forward contract.. ☆ Differences between forward contract and futures contract -- 期货合约一般在交易所进行，远期合约在交易所外进行。 -- 期货合约一般允许销售者选择一个交割期，而远期合约一 般要求在特定的某日交割。 -- 期货合约的价格是当日结算，而远期合约则不受此限制。 -- 期货合约通常由一个使合约快速流动的市场，而远期合约 市场一般缺乏流动性。 ☆ F utures contracts are traded in three areas Agricultural commodities, Metals and petroleum, Financial assets

--cont ’ ☆ A forward contract can often reduce the risk faced by both buyer and the seller ☆ Example pp Farmer and baker : wheat forward price (p0)= $2.0 per bu, q = 100,000 bushels Transaction at: farmer gain or loss baker gain or loss p0=$2.0 $200,000 0 $200,000 0 spot price: p1=$1.5 $150,000 $50,000 $150,000 -$50,000 p2=$2.0 $200,000 0 $200,000 0 p3=$2.5 $250,000 -$50,000 $250,000 $50,000

--cont ’ concludes: the farmer winds up with total receipts of $200,000 the results is same in the futures contract -- pp the futures contract can eliminated the risk posed by price uncertainty. Summarizing: pp.289

Hedging Ex - Kellogg produces cereal. A major component and cost factor is sugar. Forecasted income & sales volume is set by using a fixed selling price. Changes in cost can impact these forecasts. To fix your sugar costs, you would ideally like to purchase all your sugar today, since you like today ’ s price, and made your forecasts based on it. But, you can not. You can, however, sign a contract to purchase sugar at various points in the future for a price negotiated today. This contract is called a “ Futures Contract. ” This technique of managing your sugar costs is called “ Hedging. ”

Hedging 1- Spot Contract - A contract for immediate sale & delivery of an asset. 2- Forward Contract - A contract between two people for the delivery of an asset at a negotiated price on a set date in the future. 3- Futures Contract - A contract similar to a forward contract, except there is an intermediary that creates a standardized contract. Thus, the two parties do not have to negotiate the terms of the contract. The intermediary is the Commodity Clearing Corp (CCC). The CCC guarantees all trades & “ provides ” a secondary market for the speculation of Futures.

Types of Futures Commodity Futures -Sugar-Corn-OJ -Wheat-Soy beans-Pork bellies Financial Futures -Tbills-Yen-GNMA -Stocks-Eurodollars Index Futures -S&P 500-Value Line Index -Vanguard Index SUGAR

Futures Contract Concepts Not an actual sale Always a winner & a loser (unlike stocks) K are “ settled ” every day. (Marked to Market) Hedge - K used to eliminate risk by locking in prices Speculation - K used to gamble Margin - not a sale - post partial amount Hog K = 30,000 lbs Tbill K = $1.0 mil Value line Index K = $index x 500

Ex - Settlement & Speculate Example - You are speculating in Hog Futures. You think that the Spot Price of hogs will rise in the future. Thus, you go Long on 10 Hog Futures. If the price drops.17 cents per pound ($.0017) what is total change in your position?

Ex - Settlement & Speculate Example - You are speculating in Hog Futures. You think that the Spot Price of hogs will rise in the future. Thus, you go Long on 10 Hog Futures. If the price drops.17 cents per pound ($.0017) what is total change in your position? 30,000 lbs x $.0017 loss x 10 Ks = $ loss Since you must settle your account every day, you must give your broker $ $510 cents per lbs

Commodity Hedge In June, farmer John Smith expects to harvest 10,000 bushels of corn during the month of August. In June, the September corn futures are selling for $2.94 per bushel (1K = 5,000 bushels). Farmer Smith wishes to lock in this price. Show the transactions if the Sept spot price drops to $2.80.

Commodity Hedge In June, farmer John Smith expects to harvest 10,000 bushels of corn during the month of August. In June, the September corn futures are selling for $2.94 per bushel (1K = 5,000 bushels). Farmer Smith wishes to lock in this price. Show the transactions if the Sept spot price drops to $2.80. Revenue from Crop: 10,000 x ,000 June: Short 2.94 = 29,400 Sept: Long 2.80 = 28,000. Gain on Position ,400 Total Revenue $ 29,400

Commodity Hedge In June, farmer John Smith expects to harvest 10,000 bushels of corn during the month of August. In June, the September corn futures are selling for $2.94 per bushel (1K = 5,000 bushels). Farmer Smith wishes to lock in this price. Show the transactions if the Sept spot price rises to $3.05.

Commodity Hedge In June, farmer John Smith expects to harvest 10,000 bushels of corn during the month of August. In June, the September corn futures are selling for $2.94 per bushel (1K = 5,000 bushels). Farmer Smith wishes to lock in this price. Show the transactions if the Sept spot price rises to $3.05. Revenue from Crop: 10,000 x ,500 June: Short 2.94 = 29,400 Sept: Long 3.05 = 30,500. Loss on Position ( 1,100 ) Total Revenue $ 29,400

Commodity Speculation You have lived in NYC your whole life and are independently wealthy. You think you know everything there is to know about pork bellies (uncurred bacon) because your butler fixes it for you every morning. Because you have decided to go on a diet, you think the price will drop over the next few months. On the CME, each PB K is 38,000 lbs. Today, you decide to short three May cents per lbs. In Feb, the price rises to 48.5 cents and you decide to close your position. What is your gain/loss?

Commodity Speculation Nov: Short 3 May K (.4400 x 38,000 x 3 ) = + 50,160 Feb: Long 3 May K (.4850 x 38,000 x 3 ) = - 55,290 Loss of % = - 5,130 You have lived in NYC your whole life and are independently wealthy. You think you know everything there is to know about pork bellies (uncurred bacon) because your butler fixes it for you every morning. Because you have decided to go on a diet, you think the price will drop over the next few months. On the CME, each PB K is 38,000 lbs. Today, you decide to short three May cents per lbs. In Feb, the price rises to 48.5 cents and you decide to close your position. What is your gain/loss?

Margin The amount (percentage) of a Futures Contract Value that must be on deposit with a broker. Since a Futures Contract is not an actual sale, you need only pay a fraction of the asset value to open a position = margin. CME margin requirements are 15% Thus, you can control $100,000 of assets with only $15,000.

Commodity Speculation with margin You have lived in NYC your whole life and are independently wealthy. You think you know everything there is to know about pork bellies (uncurred bacon) because your butler fixes it for you every morning. Because you have decided to go on a diet, you think the price will drop over the next few months. On the CME, each PB K is 38,000 lbs. Today, you decide to short three May cents per lbs. In Feb, the price rises to 48.5 cents and you decide to close your position. What is your gain/loss?

Nov: Short 3 May K (.4400 x 38,000 x 3 ) = + 50,160 Feb: Long 3 May K (.4850 x 38,000 x 3 ) = - 55,290 Loss = - 5,130 Loss Margin x = = = 68% loss You have lived in NYC your whole life and are independently wealthy. You think you know everything there is to know about pork bellies (uncurred bacon) because your butler fixes it for you every morning. Because you have decided to go on a diet, you think the price will drop over the next few months. On the CME, each PB K is 38,000 lbs. Today, you decide to short three May cents per lbs. In Feb, the price rises to 48.5 cents and you decide to close your position. What is your gain/loss? Commodity Speculation with margin

--cont ’ 2. Hedging Foreign-exchange Risk with Swap Contracts -- meaning -- the swap contract is equivalent to a series of forward contracts. -- example pp Hedging shortfall risk by matching assets to liabilities

SWAPS “ Plain Vanilla Swap ” - (generic swap) fixed rate payer floating rate payer counterparties settlement date trade date effective date terms Swap Gain = fixed spread - floating spread

SWAPS example (vanilla/annually settled) XYZABC fixed rate10%11.5% floating ratelibor +.25libor +.50 Q: if libor = 7%, what swap can be made 7 what is the profit (assume $1mil face value loans) A: XYZ borrows 10% fixed ABC borrows 7.5% floating XYZ pays 7.25% ABC pays 10.50%

SWAPS example - cont. Benefit to XYZNet position floating fixed Net gain+.50% Benefit ABCNet Position floating fixed net gain+.75%

SWAPS example - cont. Settlement date ABC pmt x 1mil = 105,000 XYZ pmt 7.25 x 1mil = 72,500 net cash pmt by ABC = 32,500 if libor rises to 9% settlement date ABC pmt x 1mil = 105,000 XYZ pmt 9.25 x 1mil= 92,500 net cash pmt by ABC = 12,500

SWAPS transactions rarely done direct banks = middleman bank profit = part of “ swap gain ” example - same continued XYZ & ABC go to bank separately XYZ term = SWAP libor +.25 for ABC terms = swap floating libor +.25 for fixed 10.75

SWAPS example - cont. settlement date - XYZ Bank pmt x 1mil = 105,000 XYZ pmt 7.25 x 1mil = 72,500 net Bank pmt to XYZ = 32,500 settlement date - ABC Bank pmt 7.25 x 1mil = 72,500 ABC pmt x 1mil = 107,500 net ABC pmt to bank = 35,000 bank “ swap gain ” = +35, ,500 = +2,500

SWAPS example - cont. benefit to XYZ floating = 0 fixed = +.50 net gain.50 benefit to ABC floating = -.25 fixed = +.75net gain.50 benefit to bank floating = 0 fixed = +.25net gain +.25 total benefit = 12,500 (same as w/o bank)

--cont ’ 4. Insuring vs. Hedging no measure hedged $200 insured 0 $2.0 price

-- cont ’ 5. Basic Features of Insurance Contracts -- Exclusions and caps -- Deductibles -- Co-payments

6. Options as Insurance -- An option is the right to either purchase or sell something at a fixed price in the future. -- An option contract is to be distinguished from a forward contract which is the obligation to buy or sell something at a fixed price in the future. -- Any contract that gives one of the contracting parties the right to buy or sell something at a pre-specified exercise price is an option. -- types: commodity options, stock options, interest rate options, foreign exchange option

☆ Some important concepts -- call option -- put option -- strike price or exercise price -- expiration date -- European – type option -- American – type option ☆ Call option ☆ Put option ☆

--cont ’ ☆ Call option -- 看涨期权赋予期权持有人在一个特定时期以某 一固定价格购进一种资产的权利。 -- 看涨期权在到期日的价值 P 0 value at expiration date

-- example 某 先生持有 100 股 IBM 普通股的一年看涨期权（欧式期 权），可按每股 150 美元执行。假设到期日已到，则该 看涨期权在到期日的价值是多少？ 如果此时 IBM 公司以每股 200 美元售出股票，则该先生可 以行权：以每股 150 美元购进 100 股 IBM 的股票，然后立 即以每股 200 美元售出者 100 股。则他可赚到： 5000= （ ） ×100 美元。 如到期日股票价格为每股 100 美元，则他放弃行权（仍 持有该看涨期权），则该看涨期权在到期日的价值为 0 。

☆ Put option -- 看跌期权赋予期权持有人在一个特定时期以某一固 定价格卖出一种资产的权利。 -- 看跌期权在到期日的价值 P 0 value at expiration date

--cont ’ -- example 某女士持感觉到 IBM 股票目前每股 160 美元的价格将会下跌， 她购进看跌期权。期权合约赋予她自现在起一年后可以 150 美元售出有 100 股 IBM 普通股的权利（欧式期权）。假设到期 日已到，则该看涨期权在到期日的价值是多少？ 如果此时 IBM 公司以每股 100 美元售出股票，则该女士可以行 权：以每股 100 美元购进 100 股，转而以每股 150 美元卖出 100 股 IBM 的股票。则她可赚到： 5000= （ ） ×100 美元。 如到期日股票价格为每股 200 美元，她将因她的看跌期权合约 毫无价值而放弃行权，则该看涨期权在到期日的价值为 0 。