General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Chapter 10 Acids and Bases 10.1 Acids and Bases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Acids Arrhenius acids  produce H + ions in water H 2 O HCl(g) H + (aq) + Cl  (aq)  are electrolytes  have a sour taste  turn litmus red  neutralize bases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Names of Acids  Acids with H and a nonmetal are named with the prefix hydro- and end with -ic acid. HClhydrochloric acid  Acids with H and a polyatomic ion are named by changing the end of the name of the polyatomic ion from -ate to -ic acid or -ite to -ous acid. ClO 3 − chlorate HClO 3 chloric acid ClO 2 − chlorite HClO 2 chlorous acid

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Naming Some Common Acids

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Select the correct name for each of the following acids: A. HBr 1) bromic acid 2) bromous acid 3) hydrobromic acid B. H 2 CO 3 1) carbonic acid 2) hydrocarbonic acid 3) carbonous acid C. HBrO 2 1) bromic acid 2) hydrobromous acid 3) bromous acid Learning Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 A. HBr3) hydrobromic acid (The name of an acid with H and one nonmetal uses the prefix hydro- and ends with -ic acid.) B. H 2 CO 3 1) carbonic acid (An acid with H and a polyatomic ion is named by changing the end of the ion’s name from -ate to -ic acid.) C. HBrO 2 3) bromous acid (This acid of bromite (BrO 2  ) is bromous acid.) Solution

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Bases Arrhenius bases  produce OH − ions in water  taste bitter or chalky  are electrolytes  feel soapy and slippery  neutralize acids

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Some Common Bases  Bases with OH  ions are named as the hydroxide of the metal in the formula. NaOHsodium hydroxide KOHpotassium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2 barium hydroxide Al(OH) 3 aluminum hydroxide Fe(OH) 3 iron (III) hydroxide

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Match the formulas with the names: ___ A. HNO 2 1) iodic acid ___ B. Ca(OH) 2 2) sulfuric acid ___ C. H 2 SO 4 3) sodium hydroxide ___ D. HIO 3 4) nitrous acid ___ E. NaOH5) calcium hydroxide Learning Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Match the formulas with the names: 4 A. HNO 2 nitrous acid 5 B. Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide 2 C. H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid 1 D. HIO 3 iodic acid 3 E. NaOHsodium hydroxide Solution

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Comparing Acids and Bases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Identify each as a characteristic of an 1) acid or 2) base. ____ A. has a sour taste ____ B. produces OH  in aqueous solutions ____ C. has a chalky taste ____ D. is an electrolyte ____ E. produces H + in aqueous solutions Learning Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Identify each as a characteristic of an 1) acid or 2) base 1 A. has a sour taste 2 B. produces OH  in aqueous solutions 2 C. has a chalky taste 1, 2 D. is an electrolyte 1 E. produces H + in aqueous solutions Solution

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Brønsted – Lowry Acids and Bases According to the Br ø nsted–Lowry theory,  acids donate a proton (H + )  bases accept a proton (H + )

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 NH 3, A Brønsted – Lowry Base In the reaction of ammonia and water,  NH 3 is the base that accepts H +  H 2 O is the acid that donates H +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.  In the following acid base reaction identify the reactant that is a Brønsted-Lowry acid and the reactant that is a Brønsted-Lowry base.  H 2 O (l) + HBr (aq) H 3 O + (aq) + Br - (aq)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.  When HNO 3 reacts with water, water acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base. Write the equation for the reaction.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Conjugate Acid – Base Pairs In any acid-base reaction, there are two conjugate acid–base pairs:  each related by the loss and gain of H +  one occurs in the forward direction  one occurs in the reverse direction conjugate acid–base pair 1 HA + B A − + BH + conjugate acid–base pair 2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Conjugate Acids and Bases In this acid–base reaction,  an acid, HF, donates H + to form its conjugate base, F −  a base, H 2 O, accepts H + to form its conjugate acid, H 3 O +  there are two conjugate acid–base pairs

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Conjugate Acid – Base Pairs In the reaction of HF and H 2 O,  one conjugate acid–base pair is HF/F −  the other conjugate acid–base pair is H 2 O/H 3 O +  each pair is related by a loss and gain of H +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Conjugate Acid – Base Pairs (continued) In the reaction of NH 3 and H 2 O,  one conjugate acid–base pair is NH 3 /NH 4 +  the other conjugate acid–base is H 2 O/OH –  each pair is related by a loss and gain of H +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Learning Check A. Write the conjugate base of the following: 1) HBr 2) H 2 S 3) H 2 CO 3 B. Write the conjugate acid of the following: 1) NO 2  2) NH 3 3) OH 

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Solution A. Remove H + to write the conjugate base: 1) HBrBr  2) H 2 SHS  3) H 2 CO 3 HCO 3  B. Add H + to write the conjugate acid: 1) NO 2  HNO 2 2) NH 3 NH 4 + 3) OH  H 2 O

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Learning Check Identify the sets that contain acid–base conjugate pairs. 1) HNO 2, NO 2 − 2) H 2 CO 3, CO 3 2− 3) HCl, ClO 4 − 4) HS −, H 2 S 5) NH 3, NH 4 +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Solution Identify the sets that contain acid–base conjugate pairs. 1) HNO 2, NO 2 − 4) HS −, H 2 S 5) NH 3, NH 4 +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Learning Check A. The conjugate base of HCO 3 − is 1) CO 3 2− 2) HCO 3 − 3) H 2 CO 3 B. The conjugate acid of HCO 3 − is 1) CO 3 2− 2) HCO 3 − 3) H 2 CO 3 C. The conjugate base of H 2 O is 1) OH − 2) H 2 O 3) H 3 O + D. The conjugate acid of H 2 O is 1) OH − 2) H 2 O 3) H 3 O +

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Solution A. The conjugate base of HCO 3 − is 1) CO 3 2− B. The conjugate acid of HCO 3 − is 3) H 2 CO 3 C. The conjugate base of H 2 O is 1) OH − D. The conjugate acid of H 2 O is 3) H 3 O +