1846 Dred Scott v. Sanford Scott, a slave, argued that since he and his wife had once lived in free states, they should be free The Supreme Court declared that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in court (NOT citizens) The Supreme Court also ruled that slaves were property and Congress could not deprive a man of his property without due process Infuriated Northerners * Most Supreme Court Judges were Southerners

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 “A House divided against itself, cannot stand”.

Douglas Each new state should decide the slavery question for itself. (Popular Sovereignty)

Lincoln “The framers of the Constitution intended slavery to end.” END SLAVERY The problem is that slavery is WRONG!

Stephen Douglas and the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty?

1. Democrats need Northerner who doesn't alienate Southerners 2. Know-Nothings on the decline 3. Republican Party is a political force in the North

Douglas (Democrat) Lincoln (Republican) Slavery becomes the MAIN issue of the Debate National Newspapers Carry the Story Freeport Doctrine Freeport Illinois Debate Lincoln makes Douglas “put foot in mouth” Democrats SPLIT over the Doctrine Northern Democrats Southern Democrats

Senate Winner Stephen Douglas was re-elected to the Senate. But….now everyone knew who Abraham Lincoln was!!! Douglas Wins!

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry

John Brown (Kansas Red-Leg) Oct John Brown (Kansas Red-Leg) Oct. 16, 1859 attacks Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia Country becomes more divided Trial for TREASON (National News) Dec. 2, 1859 for HANGING North – seen as a HERO South – seen as example of FANATIC “the sins of this country will only be washed away with rivers of blood…”

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union 1860 Presidential Election Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860 NO-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]. Protective tariff [for the Northern Industrialists]. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers – in West].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results

Continue: CAUSES Leading to War NOTES adding to Thursday Notes

1860 Presidential Election 4 candidates S 1860 Presidential Election 4 candidates S. Democrats (v-p Breckinridge) N. Democrats (Douglas -popular sov.) Constitutional Union Party (old Whig, & American Parties) Republican (Abraham Lincoln) Lincoln - 40% popular / 59% electoral 6 weeks - SC secedes from Union 6 others Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas (DEEP SOUTH) Feb. 1861 “Confederacy Formed”

Nation Divides for WAR

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

The Confederate States of America (Articles of Confederation) Jefferson Davis *President* South Carolina Mississippi Florida Louisiana Alabama Georgia Texas

Confederacy Created Fort Sumter (P.G.T. Beauregard) Jefferson Davis (MS) Montgomery, AL - Capital Confederate soldiers occupy U.S Government offices & U.S. Forts in the South What Happens Now? -Lincoln ‘new’ Pres Fort Sumter (P.G.T. Beauregard)

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter Give In FIGHT Ignore Some advised Lincoln to “Let the states go” Others said, “Give in on the slavery question.” Still others said, “Use the ARMY to end their revolt!” Give In FIGHT Ignore

Lincoln’s Choices He wanted to prevent war. “We are not enemies, but friends.” THE VERY NEXT DAY An important message came from Major Robert Anderson commander at Fort Sumter:

Urgent! Message from Commander Anderson Supplies at the Fort are almost gone. If new supplies are not sent soon, we will be forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy.

What should President DO? If I send supplies… Southerners might attack. If I send troops…. Southerners WILL attack. If I do nothing…the commander WILL have to surrender.

Decision Lincoln decided to send supply ships And see what the Southerners would do

Confederate President Davis Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived. Demanded them to surrender. Commander Says – NEVER SURRENDER! The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men eventually ran out of ammunition and had to give up.

The Civil War has Begun! 11 States Strong Lincoln called for Americans to join the army to stop the rebellion. Other frightened southern states not in the Confederacy now joined with other 7 states. Arkansas - Tennessee - North Carolina and Virginia (move capital to RICHMOND) 11 States Strong NOT ALL Slaves will join The Confederacy

Nation Divides for WAR

FREE STATES Border Slave States Secede after Ft. Sumter Secede after Election of 1860

Map Part of Unit Test MO, KY, MD, DE AR, TN, NC, VA SC TX MS AL GA LA FL TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC

Events Leading to WAR Fort Sumter Attack *CIVIL WAR BEGINS* 1819 Missouri Compromise Westward Expansion 1846 Wilmot Proviso Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Personal Liberty Laws Underground Railroad 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1856 Bleeding Kansas 1856 Caning of Sumner 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford 1858 Lincoln – Douglas 1859 Attack at Harper’s Ferry Election of 1860 1861 Confederacy Formed Fort Sumter Attack *CIVIL WAR BEGINS*